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    Self-Sustaining Supramolecular Ionic Liquid Gels for Dye Adsorption
    (2018)
    Carla Rizzo
    ;
    Salvatore Marullo
    ;
    ;
    Ivana Pibiri
    ;
    Nadka Tz. Dintcheva
      4Scopus© Citations 71
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    Betulinic Acid ω-Triphenylphosphonium Alkyl Esters: Antiproliferative Activities and In Silico Pharmacokinetic Profiles
    (MDPI AG, 2025-06-24) ;
    Claudia Duarte-Salinas
    ;
    Javier Gajardo-De la Fuente
    ;
    Paola Salgado-Figueroa
    ;
    Julio Salas-Norambuena
    <jats:p>Background: Betulinic acid (BA) and some derivatives are well-known antiproliferative compounds. Literature precedents suggest that incorporating triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) salts on this triterpenoid scaffold enhances its biological activity. In the present study, we carried out a simple synthesis of C-28 ester derivatives of this triterpenoid conjugated with TPP+ bromide salts through 4- to 6-carbon chains via nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding ω-TPP+bromoalkanes. Tests for antiproliferative activity in nine cancer cell lines and normal human fibroblasts showed that TPP+ incorporation enhanced the potency of BA by more than an order of magnitude, up to 100-fold. BA-C4-TPP+Br−, with a four-carbon chain separating the TPP+ moiety from the BA, showed remarkable antiproliferative effects, sometimes more potent than the reference drug (Etoposide). This compound exhibited the strongest mitochondrial uncoupling effect in human cancer cells. No significant LDH release was noted in colorectal carcinoma cells at low micromolar concentrations of BA-C4-TPP+Br−, and sub-micromolar concentrations were sufficient for inducing apoptosis. The in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic properties suggested high oral absorption (88%), as well as a non-inhibitor and non-substrate profile vs. cytochrome isoenzymes. These results point to this compound as a promising lead for the development of novel anticancer drugs.</jats:p>
      1Scopus© Citations 2
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    Reactions of aryl acetates with secondary alicyclic amines in ethanol/water mixtures: Effect of the solvent composition on the kinetics and mechanism
    (2011)
    Enrique A. Castro
    ;
    Daniela Millan
    ;
    Raul Aguayo
    ;
    ;
    José G. Santos
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>We report a kinetic study on the reactions of secondary alicyclic amines toward 4‐nitrophenyl, 2,4‐dinitrophenyl, and 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl acetates (<jats:bold>1, 2</jats:bold>, and <jats:bold>3</jats:bold>) in ethanol/water mixtures of different compositions. It is found that (i) the intermediate in the reaction of <jats:bold>1</jats:bold> is stabilized in a mixture of 90 vol% ethanol; (ii) for the reaction of <jats:bold>2</jats:bold>, the mechanism is stepwise in water but concerted in the mixtures; (iii) For the reaction of <jats:bold>3</jats:bold>, the mechanism is concerted along the whole range of composition; (iv) the effect of NO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> outweighs the solvent effect; (v) preferential solvation in the core of reaction can be ruled out. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 687–693, 2011</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 14
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    Kinetic and mechanistic study of the reactions of aryl chloroformates with quinuclidines
    (2006-10-01)
    Castro, Enrique A.
    ;
    Aliaga, Margarita
    ;
    ;
    Leis, J. Ramón
    ;
    García-Río, Luis
    The reactions of quinuclidines with phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, and 4-nitrophenyl chloroformates (PCIF, MOPCIF, CIPCIF, and NPCIF, respectively) in aqueous solution (25 °C, ionic strength 0.2 M KC1) are followed spectrophotometrically and evaluated kinetically. Under amine excess, pseudo-first-order rate coefficients (kobsd) are found. Plots of kobsdversus [quinuclidine] are linear, with the pH-independent slope (kN). The Brønsted-type plots (log kNvs. pKa of quinuclidinium ions) are linear with slopes (β) of 0.32, 0.34, 0.31, and 0.23 for the reactions of PCIF, MOPCIF, CIPCIF, and NPCIF, respectively. The magnitude of the slopes suggests that these mechanisms are stepwise, with the formation of a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T ±) being the rate-determining step. The sensitivity of log kN to the basicity of the nonleaving group (βnlg) is -0.16. By comparing the reactions under investigation between each other and with similar aminolyses, the following conclusions can be drawn: (i) the mechanisms for the quinuclidinolysis of the four chloroformates studied are stepwise. (ii) The reactivity increases in the sequence MOPCIF < PCIF < CIPCIF < NPCIF. (iii) The change of the leaving group from 2,4-dinitrophenoxide to chloro changes the mechanism from concerted to stepwise. (iv) Quinuclidines are more reactive toward aryl chloroformates than isobasic secondary alicyclic amines. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
      2Scopus© Citations 14
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    Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism of Biothiols Involved in SNAr Reactions: An Experimental Study
    <jats:p>Few kinetic parameters, or reaction rates, are known up to date in detail about 1-chloro and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (ClDNB and FDNB, respectively) with a series of biothiols in aqueous media. These biological nucleophiles with thiol groups have been widely used as a reference in nucleophile reactivity assays due to their prevalence and cellular abundance. The main aim of this study was to elucidate the reaction mechanism based on Brönsted-type plots and reactivity patterns of the electrophile/nucleophile pairs. A complete kinetic study was performed in terms of the comparison of Brönsted-type slope parameters (<jats:italic>β</jats:italic><jats:sub>nuc</jats:sub>) for the reactions and was used for assigning the mechanism and the rate-determining step associated with the reaction route. A mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that the nucleophilic center of the biothiols is the -SH group and there is only one kinetic product. The kinetic study suggests that the reaction mechanism might be the borderline between concerted and stepwise pathways. An amine–enol equilibrium for the most reactive nucleophiles appears to be the main determining factor controlling the nucleophilic attack in the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions investigated, highlighting the anionic form for these nucleophiles. This amine–enol equilibrium involves a hydrogen bond which stabilizes the intermediate species in the reaction pathway. Thus, intramolecular bonds are formed and enhance the nucleophilic strength through the contribution of the solvent surrounding the electrophile/nucleophile pairs. Finally, we highlight the importance of the formation of electrophile/nucleophile adducts that could modify structures and/or functions of biological systems with potential toxic effects. Therefore, it is essential to know all these kinetic and reactivity patterns and their incidence on other studies.</jats:p>
      1Scopus© Citations 2
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      8Scopus© Citations 14