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    Pharmacological Effects Of Lipophilic Cation Derived From Gallic Acid In Obese Mice
    (2023)
    Catalan, Mabel
    ;
    Gutierrez-Figueroa, Renata
    ;
    ;
    Fabiola Herrera
    ;
    Raúl Vivar
      17
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    Betulinic Acid ω-Triphenylphosphonium Alkyl Esters: Antiproliferative Activities and In Silico Pharmacokinetic Profiles
    (MDPI AG, 2025-06-24) ;
    Claudia Duarte-Salinas
    ;
    Javier Gajardo-De la Fuente
    ;
    Paola Salgado-Figueroa
    ;
    Julio Salas-Norambuena
    <jats:p>Background: Betulinic acid (BA) and some derivatives are well-known antiproliferative compounds. Literature precedents suggest that incorporating triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) salts on this triterpenoid scaffold enhances its biological activity. In the present study, we carried out a simple synthesis of C-28 ester derivatives of this triterpenoid conjugated with TPP+ bromide salts through 4- to 6-carbon chains via nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding ω-TPP+bromoalkanes. Tests for antiproliferative activity in nine cancer cell lines and normal human fibroblasts showed that TPP+ incorporation enhanced the potency of BA by more than an order of magnitude, up to 100-fold. BA-C4-TPP+Br−, with a four-carbon chain separating the TPP+ moiety from the BA, showed remarkable antiproliferative effects, sometimes more potent than the reference drug (Etoposide). This compound exhibited the strongest mitochondrial uncoupling effect in human cancer cells. No significant LDH release was noted in colorectal carcinoma cells at low micromolar concentrations of BA-C4-TPP+Br−, and sub-micromolar concentrations were sufficient for inducing apoptosis. The in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic properties suggested high oral absorption (88%), as well as a non-inhibitor and non-substrate profile vs. cytochrome isoenzymes. These results point to this compound as a promising lead for the development of novel anticancer drugs.</jats:p>
      1
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    Betulinic acid
    (2021) ;
    Bruce K. Cassels
    Scopus© Citations 4  1
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    Analysis of the Behavior of Deep Eutectic Solvents upon Addition of Water: Its Effects over a Catalytic Reaction
    <jats:p>This study presents the potential role of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in a lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction as a co-solvent in an aqueous solution given by a phosphate buffer. Ammonium salts, such as choline chloride, were paired with hydrogen bond donors, such as urea, 1,2,3-propanetriol, and 1,2 propanediol. The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl laureate was carried out with the lipase Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) as a reaction model to evaluate the solvent effect and tested in different DES/buffer phosphate mixtures at different % w/w. The results showed that two mixtures of different DES at 25 % w/w were the most promising solvents, as this percentage enhanced the activities of CALB, as evidenced by its higher catalytic efficiency (kcatKM). The solvent analysis shows that the enzymatic reaction requires a reaction media rich in water molecules to enable hydrogen-bond formation from the reaction media toward the enzymatic reaction, suggesting a better interaction between the substrate and the enzyme-active site. This interaction could be attributed to high degrees of freedom influencing the enzyme conformation given by the reaction media, suggesting that CALB acquires a more restrictive structure in the presence of DES or the stabilized network given by the hydrogen bond from water molecules in the mixture improves the enzymatic activity, conferring conformational stability by solvent effects. This study offers a promising approach for applications and further perspectives on genuinely green industrial solvents.</jats:p>
      2
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    Regioselective Synthesis of 9-O-Arylboldine Derivatives Using the Copper-Catalyzed Chan–Lam Reaction†
    (American Chemical Society (ACS), 2026-06-09) ;
    Araya-Santelices, Daniel A. A.
    ;
    Sánchez-Velasco, Oriel A.
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    Hormazábal-Campos, Cristóbal
    ;
    Bertrand, JeanLuc
      1