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    Modeling the Spread of Tuberculosis in Semiclosed Communities
    (2013)
    HERRERA MARÍN, MAURICIO RENÉ  
    ;
    BOSCH PÉREZ, PAUL JESÚS
    ;
    NÁJERA, MANUEL
    ;
    AGUILERA SANHUEZA, XIMENA PAZ  
    We address the problem of long-term dynamics of tuberculosis (TB) and latent tuberculosis (LTB) in semiclosed communities. These communities are congregate settings with the potential for sustained daily contact for weeks, months, and even years between their members. Basic examples of these communities are prisons, but certain urban/rural communities, some schools, among others could possibly fit well into this definition. These communities present a sort of ideal conditions for TB spread. In order to describe key relevant dynamics of the disease in these communities, we consider a five compartments SEIR model with five possible routes toward TB infection: primary infection after a contact with infected and infectious individuals (fast TB), endogenous reactivation after a period of latency (slow TB), relapse by natural causes after a cure, exogenous reinfection of latently infected, and exogenous reinfection of recovered individuals. We discuss the possible existence of multiple endemic equilibrium states and the role that the two types of exogenous reinfections in the long-term dynamics of the disease could play.
    Scopus© Citations 15  1
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    Screening of COVID-19 cases through a Bayesian network symptoms model and psychophysical olfactory test
    (2021)
    Susana Eyheramendy
    ;
    Pedro A. Saa
    ;
    Eduardo A. Undurraga
    ;
    Carlos Valencia
    ;
    Carolina López
      20Scopus© Citations 2
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    Trust predicts COVID-19 prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions in 23 countries
    (2021)
    Stefano Pagliaro
    ;
    Simona Sacchi
    ;
    Maria Giuseppina Pacilli
    ;
    Marco Brambilla
    ;
    Francesca Lionetti
    <jats:p>The worldwide spread of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) since December 2019 has posed a severe threat to individuals’ well-being. While the world at large is waiting that the released vaccines immunize most citizens, public health experts suggest that, in the meantime, it is only through behavior change that the spread of COVID-19 can be controlled. Importantly, the required behaviors are aimed not only at safeguarding one’s own health. Instead, individuals are asked to adapt their behaviors to protect the community at large. This raises the question of which social concerns and moral principles make people willing to do so. We considered in 23 countries (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 6948) individuals’ willingness to engage in prescribed and discretionary behaviors, as well as country-level and individual-level factors that might drive such behavioral intentions. Results from multilevel multiple regressions, with country as the nesting variable, showed that publicized number of infections were not significantly related to individual intentions to comply with the prescribed measures and intentions to engage in discretionary prosocial behaviors. Instead, psychological differences in terms of trust in government, citizens, and in particular toward science predicted individuals’ behavioral intentions across countries. The more people endorsed moral principles of fairness and care (vs. loyalty and authority), the more they were inclined to report trust in science, which, in turn, statistically predicted prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions. Results have implications for the type of intervention and public communication strategies that should be most effective to induce the behavioral changes that are needed to control the COVID-19 outbreak.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 143  1
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      6Scopus© Citations 15
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    Cluster of Imported Vivax Malaria in Travelers Returning From Peru
    (2015)
    Thomas Weitzel  
    ;
    Jaime Labarca
    ;
    Claudia P. Cortes
    ;
    Reinaldo Rosas
    ;
    M. Elvira Balcells
      4Scopus© Citations 3
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    Scopus© Citations 2  9
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    Genomic Analysis of Chilean Strains of Campylobacter jejuni from Human Faeces
    (2019)
    Arturo Levican
    ;
    Ignacio Ramos-Tapia
    ;
    Isabel Briceño
    ;
    Francisco Guerra
    ;
    Benjamin Mena
    <jats:p><jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic>spp., especially<jats:italic>C. jejuni</jats:italic>, are recognized worldwide as the bacterial species that most commonly cause food-related diarrhea.<jats:italic>C. jejuni</jats:italic>possesses many different virulence factors, has the ability to survive in different reservoirs, and has shown among isolates the emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Genome association analyses of this bacterial pathogen have contributed to a better understanding of its pathogenic and AMR associated determinants. However, the epidemiological information of these bacteria in Latin American countries is scarce and no genomic information is available in public databases from isolates in these countries. Considering this, the present study is aimed to describe the genomic traits from representative<jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic>spp. strains recovered from faecal samples of patients with acute diarrhoea from Valparaíso, Chile.<jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic>spp. was detected from the faeces of 28 (8%) out of 350 patients with acute diarrhoea, mainly from young adults and children, and 26 (93%) of the isolates corresponded to<jats:italic>C. jejuni</jats:italic>. 63% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 25.9% to tetracycline, and 3.5% to erythromycin. Three isolates were selected for WGS on the basis of their<jats:italic>flaA</jats:italic>-RFLP genotype. They belonged to the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) clonal clomplex (CC) 21(PUCV-1), CC-48 (PUCV-3), and CC-353 (PUCV-2) and presented several putative virulence genes, including the Type IV and Type VI Secretion Systems, as well as AMR-associated genes in agreement with their susceptibility pattern. On the basis of the wgMLST, they were linked to strains from poultry and ruminants. These are the first genomes of Chilean<jats:italic>C. jejuni</jats:italic>isolates available in public databases and they provide relevant information about the<jats:italic>C. jejuni</jats:italic>isolates associated with human infection in this country.</jats:p>
      28Scopus© Citations 18