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    Patterns of brain activity in choice or instructed go and no-go tasks
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-02-21)
    Sanaz Attaripour Isfahani
    ;
    Patrick McGurrin
    ;
    VIAL UNDURRAGA, FELIPE AGUSTIN  
    ;
    Mark Hallett
    The goal of this study was to investigate the decision making process for choosing what movements to make. We used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate patterns of the contingent negative variation (CNV) associated with free-choice decisions to move or abstain, comparing them to conditions where actions were commanded. Our primary hypothesis was that choice tasks would differ significantly from each other and exhibit EEG patterns akin to their command-driven counterparts after the decisions were made, at least, in the 50 ms block of time prior to movement. A secondary analysis evaluated post hoc comparisons of time, in 50 ms blocks, to understand the temporal development of the CNV for each condition. We also conducted an exploratory analysis of EEG event-related desynchronization (ERD) to identify patterns of brain activity associated with the decision-making process. This approach was taken due to the exploratory nature of our hypotheses concerning the spatial and temporal characteristics of EEG activity during these free-choice versus commanded tasks. We studied 12 right-handed healthy volunteers (7 women, mean age 53 years, range 39–73 years) with no prior history of neurological or major psychiatric illness. A CNV paradigm encompassing commanded and choice tasks was devised, with a 2500 ms interval between S1 and S2, while recording EEG and electromyography (EMG). S1 provided full information about the upcoming task, which was to be executed at the time of S2. We assessed CNV and explored whole scalp EEG activity, including both voltage as well as power in the alpha and beta frequency ranges. Clear and similar CNVs were observed for command and choice go tasks prior to the movements, contrasting with near-zero CNVs for the command and choice no-go tasks. Separation of CNVs for command go and no-go tasks occurred around 1600 ms post-S1, and choice CNVs separated about 2150 ms post-S1. Exploratory analysis revealed that beta power provided information about decision and preparation processes much earlier. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) exhibited the initial sign of decision approximately 500 ms post-S1 for all tasks, with subsequent preparation for movement or restraint involving distinct activity in various brain regions. The localization of effects in the left DLPFC was determined by visual analysis of the informative electrode sites. The CNVs separate about 2 s after S1, and it appears that this process represents preparation for movement (or no movement). Exploration of the beta activity suggests an earlier decision process which leads eventually to subsequent task preparation and activation. Choice decisions lag slightly behind command decisions, with the CNV apparently reflecting motor implementation rather than the decision-making process. In a simple motor task with an exploratory analysis, both commanded and choice-based decisions are rapidly initiated in the left DLPFC. While the CNV distinguishes between go and no-go conditions, it primarily appears to signify preparation for implementation of the task following the earlier decision. Further controlled studies will be needed to confirm these results.
    Scopus© Citations 3  1
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    The Power of Food Advertisements: A Brief Mindfulness Instruction Does Not Prevent Psychophysiological Responses Triggered by Food Ads
    (MDPI AG, 2025-02-25)
    Constanza Baquedano
    ;
    David Martinez-Pernia
    ;
    Vicente Soto
    ;
    Álvaro Rivera-Rei
    ;
    Antonia Zepeda
    Exposure to visually appealing food items can enhance their subjective realism, leading to increased cravings, salivation, and automatic approach tendencies. Prior research suggests that brief mindfulness instructions promoting dereification—recognizing stimuli as transient mental events—can mitigate these automatic reactions. Objectives: This study assesses whether brief mindfulness instruction can mitigate automatic consumption tendencies induced by food advertisements, exploring the corresponding behavioral, physiological, and neurophysiological mechanisms. Methods: Sixty participants were randomly assigned to two groups: one receiving brief mindfulness instruction and the other a non-dereifying control instruction while exposed to advertised foods. This was followed by an approach–avoidance task (AAT), during which behavioral data, salivary volume, event-related potentials (ERPs) from electroencephalogram recordings, and self-reports were collected. Results: The results showed no significant differences in approach behaviors between the groups. Hunger, food craving, and salivation levels increased uniformly in response to food cues for both groups. The N1, N2, P3, and late positive potential (LPP) ERPs remained unaltered by the instructions and consistent with the established AAT literature. Advertising heightened the appeal of neutral foods, as evidenced by increased N2, P3, and LPP responses. Conclusions: The brief mindfulness instruction failed to shield participants from the automatic responses elicited by food advertising, contrasting with the effects seen with non-advertised food.
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    Ethnic disparities in the association between maternal socioeconomic status and childhood anemia in Peru: a nationwide multiyear cross-sectional study
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-07)
    Ali Al-kassab-Córdova
    ;
    Claudio Intimayta-Escalante
    ;
    Pamela Robles-Valcarcel
    ;
    Diego Urrunaga-Pastor
    ;
    CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ  
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    Your baby has down syndrome: a reflexive thematic analysis of breaking the news to parents
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-05-06)
    TENORIO DELGADO, MARCELA  
    ;
    Johanna Sagner-Tapia
    ;
    Renata Garibaldi
    ;
    Vaso Totsika
    Scopus© Citations 1  6
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    Bullying Victimization and Subjective Well-Being in 10- and 12-year-Old Children from 24 Countries: The Buffering Effect of Family and Teacher Support
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-02-21)
    Xavier Oriol
    ;
    Rafael Miranda
    ;
    VARELA TORRES, JORGE JAVIER  
    ;
    Nuria Garcia
    Bullying victimization in children is a recognized public health concern in many countries worldwide. Specifically, studies have consistently demonstrated that bullying victimization is one of the indicators that most significantly and negatively influences the subjective well-being (SWB) of children. Following this assumption, a study was conducted to examine the impact of bullying victimization on subjective well-being among 75,877 students aged 10 and 12 years across 24 countries. Additionally, the moderating role of support from teachers and family members in the relationship between bullying victimization and subjective well-being was investigated using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. The results show that, in many countries, there is an interaction effect of both family support and teacher support figures in both age groups (10 and 12 years). However, significant variability in these interaction effects was observed across countries, and in some countries, no moderating effect was detected. Specifically, in the 12-year-old group, a larger number of countries show no interaction effect from any adult support figure in the relationship between bullying victimization and SWB. The findings are discussed with a focus on the buffering effects of both types of support, the variability observed across countries, and the practical implications of these results.
      1
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    Inbreeding and Gallbladder Cancer Risk: Homozygosity Associations Adjusted for Indigenous American Ancestry, BMI, and Genetic Risk of Gallstone Disease
    (MDPI AG, 2024-12-17)
    Francisco Ceballos
    ;
    Felix Boekstegers
    ;
    Dominique Scherer
    ;
    Carol Barahona Ponce
    ;
    Katherine Marcelain
    <jats:p>Latin Americans have a rich genetic make-up that translates into heterogeneous fractions of the autosomal genome in runs of homozygosity (FROH) and heterogeneous types and proportions of indigenous American ancestry. While autozygosity has been linked to several human diseases, very little is known about the relationship between inbreeding, genetic ancestry, and cancer risk in Latin Americans. Chile has one of the highest incidences of gallbladder cancer (GBC) in the world, and we investigated the association between inbreeding, GBC, gallstone disease (GSD), and body mass index (BMI) in 4029 genetically admixed Chileans. We calculated individual FROH above 1.5 Mb and weighted polygenic risk scores for GSD, and applied multiple logistic regression to assess the association between homozygosity and GBC risk. We found that homozygosity was due to a heterogeneous mixture of genetic drift and consanguinity in the study population. Although we found no association between homozygosity and overall GBC risk, we detected interactions of FROH with sex, age, and genetic risk of GSD that affected GBC risk. Specifically, the increase in GBC risk per 1% FROH was 19% in men (p-value = 0.002), 30% in those under 60 years of age (p-value = 0.001), and 12% in those with a genetic risk of GSD above the median (p-value = 0.01). The present study highlighted the complex interplay between inbreeding, genetic ancestry, and genetic risk of GSD in the development of GBC. The applied methodology and our findings underscored the importance of considering the population-specific genetic architecture, along with sex- and age-specific effects, when investigating the genetic basis of complex traits in Latin Americans.</jats:p>
      1
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    Factors associated with loneliness in Latin-American family care partners during the COVID-19 pandemic
    (2024)
    Tomas Leon
    ;
    Thamara Tapia-Munoz
    ;
    SLACHEVSKY CHONCHOL, ANDREA MARÍA  
    ;
    Bárbara Costa Beber
    ;
    Fernando Aguzzoli
    <jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>COVID-19-related restrictions led to an increase in overall loneliness and social isolation. Before the pandemic, care partners reported higher levels of loneliness and higher loneliness prevalence compared to non-care partners. Because of the spread and severity of the infections, and the access to support spread, we expect a different impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on LATAM care partners.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>To describe the loneliness levels of LATAM caregivers and to identify socioeconomic and health factors associated.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design</jats:title><jats:p>An international online cross-sectional survey for care partners, embedded within the ‘Coping with Loneliness and Isolation during COVID-19’ (CLIC) Study conducted between June 2020– and November 2020.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting</jats:title><jats:p>We analysed data from 246 family care partners living in Latin American countries (46% Mexico, 26% Chile,18% Brazil, and 10% from Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Panama, Guatemala y Costa Rica).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements</jats:title><jats:p>We assessed loneliness using the 6-items of De Jong Gierveld loneliness Scale. We described the levels of overall, emotional, and social loneliness pre and during Covid, and reported the distribution of care partners who improved, worsened or maintained their levels of loneliness. Moreover, we used longitudinal multiple linear regression models with bootstraps errors of 1,000 iterations to identify factors associated with the levels of overall, emotional, and social loneliness during the pandemic.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Participants were mostly women, 50 years and older, in a partnership, highly educated and with finances meeting their needs, with good to excellent physical and mental health. Among the total of care partners, 55% perceived higher overall loneliness, 56% higher emotional loneliness, and 21% higher social loneliness during the pandemic in comparison with pre-COVID-19 levels. Perceived mental health was associated with the overall, emotional, and social loneliness.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Regardless of their living and health situation, during the pandemic, loneliness increased in all groups of care partners. These should be taken in consideration when planning public health approaches for crises such as pandemics or other large-scale disruptive events.</jats:p></jats:sec>
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