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    Excess burden of antibiotic-resistant bloodstream infections: evidence from a multicentre retrospective cohort study in Chile, 2018–2022
    (2024)
    Kasim Allel
    ;
    Anne Peters
    ;
    Hassan Haghparast-Bidgoli
    ;
    Maria Spencer-Sandino
    ;
    Jose Conejeros
    Scopus© Citations 2  4
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    Whole-genome sequencing reveals changes in genomic diversity and distinctive repertoires of T3SS and T6SS effector candidates in Chilean clinical Campylobacter strains
    (2023)
    Assaf Katz
    ;
    Lorena Porte  
    ;
    WEITZEL, THOMAS  
    ;
    Carmen Varela
    ;
    Cristina Muñoz-Rehbein
    <jats:p><jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and an emerging and neglected pathogen in South America. This zoonotic pathogen colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of a wide range of mammals and birds, with poultry as the most important reservoir for human infections. Apart from its high morbidity rates, the emergence of resistant strains is of global concern. The aims of this work were to determine genetic diversity, presence of antimicrobial resistance determinants and virulence potential of <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> spp. isolated from patients with acute gastrointestinal disease at ‘Clinica Alemana’, Santiago de Chile. The study considered the isolation of <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> spp., from stool samples during a 20-month period (January 2020 to September 2021). We sequenced (NextSeq, Illumina) and performed an in-depth analysis of the genome sequences of 88 <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni</jats:italic> and 2 <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> coli strains isolated from clinical samples in Chile. We identified a high genetic diversity among C. je<jats:italic>juni</jats:italic> strains and the emergence of prevalent clonal complexes, which were not identified in our previous reports. While ~40% of strains harbored a mutation in the gyrA gene associated with fluoroquinolone resistance, no macrolide-resistance determinants were detected. Interestingly, gene clusters encoding virulence factors such as the T6SS or genes associated with long-term sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome showed lineage-relatedness. In addition, our analysis revealed a high degree of variability regarding the presence of fT3SS and T6SS effector proteins in comparison to type strains 81-176, F38011, and NCTC 11168 and 488. Our study provides important insights into the molecular epidemiology of this emerging foodborne pathogen. In addition, the differences observed regarding the repertoire of fT3SS and T6SS effector proteins could have an impact on the pathogenic potential and transmissibility of these Latin American isolates, posing another challenge in characterizing the infection dynamics of this emergent and neglected bacterial pathogen.</jats:p>
      29Scopus© Citations 8
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      2Scopus© Citations 13
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    Isolation of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterobacterales From Vegetables and River Water Is Strongly Associated With the Season and the Sample Type
    (2021)
    Constanza Díaz-Gavidia
    ;
    Carla Barría
    ;
    RIVAS JIMENEZ, LINA MARIA  
    ;
    Patricia García
    ;
    Francisca P. Alvarez
    <jats:p>The dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) from water used for crop irrigation to vegetables is poorly studied. During a year, five farmer markets in a city in Central Chile were visited, and 478 vegetable samples (parsleys, corianders, celeries, lettuces, chards, and beets) were collected. Simultaneously, 32 water samples were collected from two rivers which are used to irrigate the vegetables produced in the area. Resistant Enterobacterales were isolated and identified. Colistin resistance gene <jats:italic>mcr-1</jats:italic> and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) were molecularly detected. The association of environmental factors was evaluated, with the outcomes being the presence of Enterobacterales resistant to four antibiotic families and the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Parsley, coriander, and celery showed the highest prevalence of resistant Enterobacterales (41.9% for ciprofloxacin and 18.5% for ceftazidime). A total of 155 isolates were obtained, including <jats:italic>Escherichia coli</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=109), <jats:italic>Citrobacter</jats:italic> sp. (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=20), <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae</jats:italic> complex (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=8), <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=8), and <jats:italic>Klebsiella aerogenes</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=1). Resistance to ampicillin (63.2%) and ciprofloxacin (74.2%) was most frequently found; 34.5% of the isolates showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, and the MDR phenotype represented 51.6% of the isolates. In two <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic> isolates (1.29%), the gene <jats:italic>mcr-1</jats:italic> was found and ESBL genes were found in 23/62 isolates (37%), with <jats:italic>bla</jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M</jats:sub> being the most frequently found in 20 isolates (32%). Resistant Enterobacterales isolated during the rainy season were less likely to be MDR as compared to the dry season. Understanding environmental associations represent the first step toward an improved understanding of the public health impact of ARB in vegetables and water.</jats:p>
      1Scopus© Citations 28
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    Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Enterococci
    (2022)
    Ayesha Khan
    ;
    William R. Miller
    ;
    Dierdre Axell-House
    ;
    MUNITA SEPULVEDA, JOSE MANUEL  
    ;
    Cesar A. Arias
    <jats:p>Enterococci are major, recalcitrant nosocomial pathogens with a wide repertoire of intrinsic and acquired resistance determinants and the potential of developing resistance to all clinically available antimicrobials. As such, multidrug-resistant enterococci are considered a serious public health threat.</jats:p>
      1Scopus© Citations 57  1
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    Scopus© Citations 7  1
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      1Scopus© Citations 36