Isolation of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterobacterales From Vegetables and River Water Is Strongly Associated With the Season and the Sample Type
Journal
Frontiers in Microbiology
ISSN
1664-302X
Date Issued
2021
Author(s)
Constanza Díaz-Gavidia
Carla Barría
Patricia García
Francisca P. Alvarez
Gerardo González-Rocha
Andrés Opazo-Capurro
Sandra Cortes
Jorge Olivares-Pacheco
Aiko D. Adell
Andrea I. Moreno-Switt
Type
Resource Types::text::journal::journal article
URL Institutional Repository
Abstract
<jats:p>The dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) from water used for crop irrigation to vegetables is poorly studied. During a year, five farmer markets in a city in Central Chile were visited, and 478 vegetable samples (parsleys, corianders, celeries, lettuces, chards, and beets) were collected. Simultaneously, 32 water samples were collected from two rivers which are used to irrigate the vegetables produced in the area. Resistant Enterobacterales were isolated and identified. Colistin resistance gene <jats:italic>mcr-1</jats:italic> and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) were molecularly detected. The association of environmental factors was evaluated, with the outcomes being the presence of Enterobacterales resistant to four antibiotic families and the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Parsley, coriander, and celery showed the highest prevalence of resistant Enterobacterales (41.9% for ciprofloxacin and 18.5% for ceftazidime). A total of 155 isolates were obtained, including <jats:italic>Escherichia coli</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=109), <jats:italic>Citrobacter</jats:italic> sp. (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=20), <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae</jats:italic> complex (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=8), <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=8), and <jats:italic>Klebsiella aerogenes</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=1). Resistance to ampicillin (63.2%) and ciprofloxacin (74.2%) was most frequently found; 34.5% of the isolates showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, and the MDR phenotype represented 51.6% of the isolates. In two <jats:italic>E. coli</jats:italic> isolates (1.29%), the gene <jats:italic>mcr-1</jats:italic> was found and ESBL genes were found in 23/62 isolates (37%), with <jats:italic>bla</jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M</jats:sub> being the most frequently found in 20 isolates (32%). Resistant Enterobacterales isolated during the rainy season were less likely to be MDR as compared to the dry season. Understanding environmental associations represent the first step toward an improved understanding of the public health impact of ARB in vegetables and water.</jats:p>
Cite this document
Díaz-Gavidia, C., Barría, C., Rivas, L., García, P., Alvarez, F. P., González-Rocha, G., Opazo-Capurro, A., Araos, R., Munita, J. M., Cortes, S., Olivares-Pacheco, J., Adell, A. D., & Moreno-Switt, A. I. (2021). Isolation of ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime-resistant enterobacterales from vegetables and river water is strongly associated with the season and the sample type. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 604567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.604567
Subjects
multidrug resistance
;
vegetable
;
river water
;
chile
;
environmental risk factors
;
enterobacterales
;
amikacin
;
aminoglycoside
;
ampicillin
;
beta lactamase inhibitor
;
carbapenemase
;
cefazolin
;
cefepime
;
ceftazidime
;
ceftriaxone
;
cephalosporin derivative
;
ciprofloxacin
;
cotrimoxazole
;
ertapenem
;
extended spectrum beta lactamase
;
fosfomycin trometamol
;
gentamicin
;
imipenem
;
meropenem
;
piperacillin plus tazobactam
;
river water
;
sultamicillin
;
antibiotic resistance
;
antibiotic sensitivity
;
apiaceae
;
article
;
autumn
;
bacterial growth
;
bacterium identification
;
bacterium isolation
;
beet
;
bla gene
;
ceftazidime resistant enterobacterales
;
celery
;
ciprofloxacin resistant enterobacterales
;
citrobacter
;
citrobacter freundii
;
conductance
;
controlled study
;
coriander
;
descriptive research
;
dna extraction
;
dry season
;
enterobacter aerogenes
;
enterobacter cloacae
;
enterobacterales
;
environmental factor
;
environmental temperature
;
escherichia coli
;
farmers market
;
food contamination
;
gene
;
geographic distribution
;
irrigation (agriculture)
;
klebsiella pneumoniae
;
lettuce
;
matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
;
mcr-1 gene
;
multidrug resistance
;
nonhuman
;
parsley
;
ph
;
phenotype
;
prevalence
;
public health
;
rainy season
;
river
;
salinity
;
seasonal variation
;
spring
;
summer
;
swiss chard
;
vegetable
;
waste water treatment plant
;
water quality
;
water sampling