Universidad del Desarrollo

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Childhood socioemotional development and growth mindset preceding schizophrenia: case–control study using prospectively collected data
(Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2026-04-06)
Javiera Vasquez-Nuñez
;
José Conejeros
;
Camila Díaz-Dellarrossa
;
Cristian Mena
;
UNDURRAGA FOURCADE, JUAN PABLO
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as1"> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Understanding premorbid socioemotional trajectories in schizophrenia is crucial for early identification and potential primary prevention. Studies in adults with schizophrenia suggest similar socioemotional premorbid difficulties, but are limited by their retrospective design.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as2"> <jats:title>Aims</jats:title> <jats:p>To contribute new insights into the premorbid socioemotional characteristics of schizophrenia, beyond the biases of retrospective studies, this research investigates three educational socioemotional dimensions in children who later developed the disorder.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as3"> <jats:title>Method</jats:title> <jats:p> We conducted a case–control study using prospectively collected data, examining childhood differences in perceived parental support, self-esteem and school motivation, and growth mindset (intelligence can improve through effort) among individuals who later developed schizophrenia ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 341) and their classmates ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 20 567). We constructed <jats:italic>z</jats:italic> -normalised indicators based on standardised national tests administered in fourth, eighth and tenth grades in Chile. Mixed linear models accounted for repeated measures and adjusted for educational level, gender, grade point average, school and year. </jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as4"> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p> Children later diagnosed with schizophrenia reported less parental educational support compared with their classmates ( <jats:italic>β</jats:italic> = −0.276, 95% CI −0.388 to −0.163). Only girls who later developed schizophrenia reported lower self-esteem and school motivation than their peers ( <jats:italic>β</jats:italic> = −0.290, 95% CI −0.498 to −0.131). Contrary to our hypothesis, children who later developed schizophrenia showed a higher growth mindset ( <jats:italic>β</jats:italic> = 0.287, 95% CI 0.077–0.497). </jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as5"> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>Our results suggest that premorbid socioemotional characteristics in schizophrenia are detectable in childhood and may vary by gender. These findings highlight the potential of educational settings as platforms for preventive interventions aimed at enhancing parental support and monitoring students’ psycho-emotional well-being, while acknowledging gender-specific developmental trajectories and heterogeneity in premorbid functioning.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
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Longitudinal changes in striatocortical connectivity in first-episode psychosis associated with the emergence of treatment resistance
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-08-16)
Angeles Tepper
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Javiera Vásquez
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Camila Díaz Dellarossa
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Juan Pablo Ramirez-Mahaluf
;
Juan Aguirre
1
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Premorbid school performance trajectories in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia prescribed clozapine in the public health system in Chile: a case-control study, 2007–2020
(Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2025)
Jose Conejeros-Pavez
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Javiera Vasquez
;
Camila Diaz
;
Cristian Mena
;
UNDURRAGA FOURCADE, JUAN PABLO
Background The premorbid phase of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) may reveal underlying mechanisms and inform early interventions. According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis, treatment resistance may be linked to pronounced developmental impairments. We examined school grades and attendance trajectories in children who later developed TRS.Methods This case-control study analyzed school grade point average and attendance among all individuals born after 1990 and started on clozapine in Chile's public health system as a proxy for TRS. Control groups included children later diagnosed with treatment-responsive schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and unaffected classmates. Linear mixed models accounted for individual and school-level confounders.Results We included 1072 children (9929 observations, 29.3% female) subsequently diagnosed with TRS, 323 (2802 observations, 25.7% female) with schizophrenia, 175 (1784 observations, 53.8% female) bipolar disorder, and 273,260 (533,335 observations, 47% female) unaffected classmates. Children who later developed TRS had worse grades across levels than their classmates (-0.26 SD [-0.2, -0.4]), but not treatment-responsive schizophrenia. All severe mental illness groups showed grade declines in later school levels, with TRS showing steeper linear decline than treatment-responsive schizophrenia (groupxage of -0.03; 95%CI -0.04, -0.01) and steeper quadratic decline than bipolar disorder (groupxage 2 of -0.005; -0.01, -0.001). Attendance declined over time in the two groups developing schizophrenia compared to their classmates. Those developing TRS experienced the sharpest drop (groupxage compared to schizophrenia -0.03; -0.05, -0.01 and bipolar disorder -0.027; -0.049, -0.006).Conclusions TRS may stem from a more aggressive pathological process or pronounced late-maturation abnormality, rather than an early premorbid impairment, suggesting an intervention target.
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Predictors of clozapine discontinuation at 2 years in treatment-resistant schizophrenia
(2021)
Barbara Iruretagoyena
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Carmen Paz Castañeda
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Cristian Mena
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Camila Diaz
;
Ruben Nachar
7Scopus© Citations 10
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Gender, age and geographical representation over the past 50 years of schizophrenia research
(2022)
Luz María Alliende
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Leticia S. Czepielewski
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David Aceituno
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Carmen Paz Castañeda
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Camila Diaz
15Scopus© Citations 5
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Early treatment resistance in a Latin-American cohort of patients with schizophrenia
(2018)
Cristian Mena
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Alfonso Gonzalez-Valderrama
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Barbara Iruretagoyena
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Juan Undurraga
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Nicolas A. Crossley
Scopus© Citations 11 1
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High prevalence of metabolic alterations in Latin American patients at initial stages of psychosis
(2019)
Barbara Iruretagoyena
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Carmen P. Castañeda
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UNDURRAGA FOURCADE, JUAN PABLO
;
Rubén Nachar
;
Cristian Mena
Scopus© Citations 5 2

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