Childhood socioemotional development and growth mindset preceding schizophrenia: case–control study using prospectively collected data
Journal
BJPsych Open
ISSN
2056-4724
Date Issued
2026-04-06
Author(s)
Javiera Vasquez-Nuñez
José Conejeros
Camila Díaz-Dellarrossa
Cristian Mena
Alfonso Gonzalez-Valderrama
Ruben Nachar
Susana Claro
Eduardo A. Undurraga
Nicolas A. Crossley
Type
journal-article
Abstract
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as1">
<jats:title>Background</jats:title>
<jats:p>Understanding premorbid socioemotional trajectories in schizophrenia is crucial for early identification and potential primary prevention. Studies in adults with schizophrenia suggest similar socioemotional premorbid difficulties, but are limited by their retrospective design.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as2">
<jats:title>Aims</jats:title>
<jats:p>To contribute new insights into the premorbid socioemotional characteristics of schizophrenia, beyond the biases of retrospective studies, this research investigates three educational socioemotional dimensions in children who later developed the disorder.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as3">
<jats:title>Method</jats:title>
<jats:p>
We conducted a case–control study using prospectively collected data, examining childhood differences in perceived parental support, self-esteem and school motivation, and growth mindset (intelligence can improve through effort) among individuals who later developed schizophrenia (
<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>
= 341) and their classmates (
<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>
= 20 567). We constructed
<jats:italic>z</jats:italic>
-normalised indicators based on standardised national tests administered in fourth, eighth and tenth grades in Chile. Mixed linear models accounted for repeated measures and adjusted for educational level, gender, grade point average, school and year.
</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as4">
<jats:title>Results</jats:title>
<jats:p>
Children later diagnosed with schizophrenia reported less parental educational support compared with their classmates (
<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>
= −0.276, 95% CI −0.388 to −0.163). Only girls who later developed schizophrenia reported lower self-esteem and school motivation than their peers (
<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>
= −0.290, 95% CI −0.498 to −0.131). Contrary to our hypothesis, children who later developed schizophrenia showed a higher growth mindset (
<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>
= 0.287, 95% CI 0.077–0.497).
</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as5">
<jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>
<jats:p>Our results suggest that premorbid socioemotional characteristics in schizophrenia are detectable in childhood and may vary by gender. These findings highlight the potential of educational settings as platforms for preventive interventions aimed at enhancing parental support and monitoring students’ psycho-emotional well-being, while acknowledging gender-specific developmental trajectories and heterogeneity in premorbid functioning.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:title>Background</jats:title>
<jats:p>Understanding premorbid socioemotional trajectories in schizophrenia is crucial for early identification and potential primary prevention. Studies in adults with schizophrenia suggest similar socioemotional premorbid difficulties, but are limited by their retrospective design.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as2">
<jats:title>Aims</jats:title>
<jats:p>To contribute new insights into the premorbid socioemotional characteristics of schizophrenia, beyond the biases of retrospective studies, this research investigates three educational socioemotional dimensions in children who later developed the disorder.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as3">
<jats:title>Method</jats:title>
<jats:p>
We conducted a case–control study using prospectively collected data, examining childhood differences in perceived parental support, self-esteem and school motivation, and growth mindset (intelligence can improve through effort) among individuals who later developed schizophrenia (
<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>
= 341) and their classmates (
<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>
= 20 567). We constructed
<jats:italic>z</jats:italic>
-normalised indicators based on standardised national tests administered in fourth, eighth and tenth grades in Chile. Mixed linear models accounted for repeated measures and adjusted for educational level, gender, grade point average, school and year.
</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as4">
<jats:title>Results</jats:title>
<jats:p>
Children later diagnosed with schizophrenia reported less parental educational support compared with their classmates (
<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>
= −0.276, 95% CI −0.388 to −0.163). Only girls who later developed schizophrenia reported lower self-esteem and school motivation than their peers (
<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>
= −0.290, 95% CI −0.498 to −0.131). Contrary to our hypothesis, children who later developed schizophrenia showed a higher growth mindset (
<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>
= 0.287, 95% CI 0.077–0.497).
</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec id="S2056472426110047_as5">
<jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>
<jats:p>Our results suggest that premorbid socioemotional characteristics in schizophrenia are detectable in childhood and may vary by gender. These findings highlight the potential of educational settings as platforms for preventive interventions aimed at enhancing parental support and monitoring students’ psycho-emotional well-being, while acknowledging gender-specific developmental trajectories and heterogeneity in premorbid functioning.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>