VIAL CLARO, PABLO AGUSTIN

Preferred name
VIAL CLARO, PABLO AGUSTIN
Main Affiliation
Email
pvial@udd.cl
ORCID
0000-0002-4135-0416
Scopus Author ID
17339613100, 57198245764
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    Hantavirus infections and small mammal diversity in Chile: No differences between protected and unprotected areas highlight the need for public health strategies
    (Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2025-10-30)
    Fernando Torres-Pérez
    ;
    Nicolás Ferrada
    ;
    Roxana Astudillo
    ;
    Marcela Ferrés
    ;
    VIAL CLARO, PABLO AGUSTIN  
    <jats:sec id="sec001"> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p> Zoonotic viruses, such as <jats:italic>Orthohantavirus andesense</jats:italic> (ANDV; the causative agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, HCPS), pose significant public health risks at the human-wildlife interface. Understanding their eco-epidemiological dynamics is critical for elucidating the interplay between reservoir hosts, environmental factors, and spillover to humans. In Chile, the long-tailed pygmy rice rat ( <jats:italic>Oligoryzomys longicaudatus</jats:italic> ) serves as the primary reservoir for ANDV. This study investigates whether protected areas (PA), which typically support higher biodiversity and stable ecosystems, exhibit lower ANDV seroprevalence compared to unprotected areas (UPA), where anthropogenic disturbances may alter host-pathogen dynamics. </jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="sec002"> <jats:title>Methodology</jats:title> <jats:p>Between 2001–2008, we conducted small mammal sampling across 22 sites (11 PA and 11 UPA) in natural landscapes of Chile. Seroprevalence of ANDV was assessed via strip immunoassay, while small mammal diversity was evaluated using standardized trapping protocols and diversity indices. We used similarity percentage analysis to identify species contributing to community dissimilarities and applied Renyi diversity profiles to compare small mammal diversity between area types.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="sec003"> <jats:title>Main Findings</jats:title> <jats:p> We captured 627 small mammals (PA: 331, 14 species; UPA: 296, 10 species) across 12,898 trap-nights. Seroprevalence in <jats:italic>O. longicaudatus</jats:italic> was identical in PA and UPA (9.5%). No significant differences were found in the relative abundance or seropositivity of <jats:italic>O. longicaudatus</jats:italic> between area types. Ecological indices (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, richness, evenness) and community composition (ANOSIM) also showed no significant differences. Rényi profiles indicated marginally higher diversity in PA, driven by greater richness and evenness. </jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="sec004"> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>These findings suggest that ecological factors, such as habitat type, climatic conditions, and/or human behavior, may play a more critical role in shaping viral prevalence than protection status alone. The study underscores the necessity for consistent public health interventions to mitigate the risk of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome across all environments, particularly in regions where human activities intersect with natural habitats.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
      1Scopus© Citations 7
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    Conflicto de intereses en la práctica clínica: Análisis ético de algunas relaciones con la industria
    (SciELO Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), 2006-12)
    Sofía P Salas
    ;
    Marcial Osorio
    ;
    VIAL CLARO, PABLO AGUSTIN  
    ;
    Ana María Rehbein V
    ;
    Camila Salas A
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    Conflicts of interest in clinical practice. Ethical analysis of some relationships with the pharmaceutical industry
    (2006-12-01)
    Salas, Sofía P.
    ;
    OSORIO FUENZALIDA, MARCIAL ENRIQUE  
    ;
    VIAL CLARO, PABLO AGUSTIN  
    ;
    Rehbein V, Ana María
    ;
    Salas A, Camila
    Sometimes, the prescription practice of physicians can be influenced by factors that are not related to scientific evidence due to the appearance of several conflicts of interest. These conflicts cause social concern and have prompted actions to regulate the ethics of individual and corporative activities related to healthcare. We analyzed the ethical problems involved in the physician-industry relationship. For this purpose, we considered as the main actors related to this problem, the pharmaceutical industry and their marketing strategies, medical doctors and the independence and objectivity that should guide prescriptions and, finally, patients and their right to receive prescriptions based on scientific evidence. From the point of view of the Bioethics principles, Beneficence would not be respected when gifts or other donations received from the industry affect doctor's independence. Non Maleficence principle could be jeopardized if there is an increased risk of treatment failure and finally Justice could be altered if there is a cost increase for either patients or health institutions. As a conclusion, we consider that the presence of conflicts of interest in the relationship of physicians with the pharmaceutical industry is an important ethical problem. In consequence, this group endorses the recommendations of the Chilean Association of Medical Scientific Societies and advices to include ethical guidelines on this topic in the curriculum of medical schools. © 2007 Sociedad Médica de Santiago.
    Scopus© Citations 8  1
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      3Scopus© Citations 5
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    Immunization and SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seroprevalence in a Country with High Vaccination Coverage: Lessons from Chile
    (2022)
    AGUILERA SANHUEZA, XIMENA PAZ  
    ;
    Gloria Icaza
    ;
    GONZALEZ WIEDMAIER, CLAUDIA MARTA  
    ;
    RUBILAR RAMIREZ, PAOLA  
    ;
    APABLAZA SALINAS, MAURICIO IVÁN  
    <jats:p>Chile is among the most successful nations worldwide in terms of its COVID-19 vaccine rollout. By 31 December 2021, 84.1% of the population was fully vaccinated, and 56.1% received booster doses using different COVID-19 vaccines. In this context, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies following the infection and vaccination campaign. Using a three-stage stratified sampling, we performed a population-based cross-sectional serosurvey based on a representative sample of three Chilean cities. Selected participants were blood-sampled on-site and answered a short COVID-19 and vaccination history questionnaire using Wantai SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA to determine seroprevalence. We recruited 2198 individuals aged 7–93 between 5 October and 25 November 2021; 2132 individuals received COVID-19 vaccinations (97%), 67 (3.1%) received one dose, 2065 (93.9%) received two doses, and 936 received the booster jab (42.6%). Antibody seroprevalence reached 97.3%, ranging from 40.9% among those not vaccinated to 99.8% in those with booster doses (OR = 674.6, 154.8–2938.5). SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were associated with vaccination, previous COVID-19 diagnosis, age group, and city of residence. In contrast, we found no significant differences in the type of vaccine used, education, nationality, or type of health insurance. We found a seroprevalence close to 100%, primarily due to the successful vaccination program, which strongly emphasizes universal access.</jats:p>
      6Scopus© Citations 13
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    Covid-19 in South America: clinical and epidemiological characteristics among 381 patients during the early phase of the pandemic in Santiago, Chile
    (2020)
    Macarena R. Vial
    ;
    Anne Peters
    ;
    Inia Pérez
    ;
    María Spencer-Sandino
    ;
    Mario Barbé
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Understanding the characteristics of the Covid-19 pandemic in different geographical regions, ethnic and socioeconomic settings are of emerging importance. This study presents the demographic and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in a large private healthcare center in Santiago, Chile, during the first month of the pandemic.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>We analyzed the demographics, laboratory and clinical characteristics including severity and outcome of all patients diagnosed with Covid-19 during the first month of the pandemic. SARS-2-CoV infection was confirmed by RT-PCR in nosopharyngeal samples. The primary outcome was a composite of ICU admission or all-cause, in-hospital mortality. Clinical and laboratory parameters of hospitalized patients were analyzed regarding their association with the primary outcome.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>From March 3 to April 4, 2020, 3679 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in our hospital. Of those, 381 had Covid-19 and were included into this analysis. Most patients (99.2%) were Chileans, 12% returning from recent travel. The median age was 39 years (IQR 31–49) and 52% were female. A total of 88 patients (23.1%) were hospitalized; 18 (3.7%) required ICU and/or died. The overall mortality was 0.7%. Increased body mass index (BMI) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) were independently associated with ICU care or death.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>During the first weeks of the pandemic in Chile, most Covid-19 patients were young, with low rates of hospitalization, ICU requirement, and fatality. BMI and CRP on admission were predictors for severity. Our data provide important information on the clinical course and outcome of Covid-19 in a Latin American setting.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
      1  3Scopus© Citations 15
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    An international, interlaboratory ring trial confirms the feasibility of an extraction-less “direct” RT-qPCR method for reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in clinical samples
    (2022)
    Margaret G. Mills
    ;
    Emily Bruce
    ;
    Meei-Li Huang
    ;
    Jessica W. Crothers
    ;
    Ollivier Hyrien
    <jats:p>Reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is used worldwide to test and trace the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). “Extraction-less” or “direct” real time–reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a transparent and accessible qualitative method for SARS-CoV-2 detection from nasopharyngeal or oral pharyngeal samples with the potential to generate actionable data more quickly, at a lower cost, and with fewer experimental resources than full RT-qPCR. This study engaged 10 global testing sites, including laboratories currently experiencing testing limitations due to reagent or equipment shortages, in an international interlaboratory ring trial. Participating laboratories were provided a common protocol, common reagents, aliquots of identical pooled clinical samples, and purified nucleic acids and used their existing in-house equipment. We observed 100% concordance across laboratories in the correct identification of all positive and negative samples, with highly similar cycle threshold values. The test also performed well when applied to locally collected patient nasopharyngeal samples, provided the viral transport media did not contain charcoal or guanidine, both of which appeared to potently inhibit the RT-PCR reaction. Our results suggest that direct RT-PCR assay methods can be clearly translated across sites utilizing readily available equipment and expertise and are thus a feasible option for more efficient COVID-19 coronavirus disease testing as demanded by the continuing pandemic.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 2  3