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Water Research center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM)
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15130015
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Water Use and Climate Stressors in a Multiuser River Basin Setting: Who Benefits from Adaptation?

2021 , PONCE OLIVA, ROBERTO DANIEL , Esteban Arias Montevechio , Francisco Fernández Jorquera , VÁSQUEZ LAVÍN , FELIPE ANTONIO , Alejandra Stehr

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Mapping Firms' adaptive profiles: The role of experiences and risk perception in the aquaculture industry

2023 , Francisco J. Fernández , Manuel Muñoz , PONCE OLIVA, ROBERTO DANIEL , Stefan Gelcich , VÁSQUEZ LAVÍN , FELIPE ANTONIO

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Understanding water disputes in Chile with text and data mining tools

2019 , HERRERA MARÍN, MAURICIO RENÉ , CANDIA VALLEJOS, CRISTIAN ESTEBAN , Diego Rivera Salazar , Douglas Aitken , Daniel Brieba , BOETTIGER PHILIPPS, CAMILA , Guillermo Donoso , GODOY FAUNDEZ, ALEX ORIEL

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Validation of Cryogenic Vacuum Extraction of Pore Water from Volcanic Soils for Isotopic Analysis

2019 , Diego Rivera Salazar , Karen Gutierrez , Walter Valdivia-Cea , Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini , GODOY FAUNDEZ, ALEX ORIEL , Amaya Álvez , Laura Farías

Andean headwater catchments are key components of the hydrological cycle, given that they capture moisture, store water and release it for Chilean cities, industry, agriculture, and cities in Chile. However, knowledge about within-Andean catchment processes is far from clear. Most soils in the Andes derive from volcanic ash Andosols and Arenosols presenting high organic matter, high-water retention capacity and fine pores; and are very dry during summer. Despite their importance, there is little research on the hillslope hydrology of Andosols. Environmental isotopes such as Deuterium and 18-O are direct tracers for water and useful on analyzing water-soil interactions. This work explores, for the first time, the efficiency of cryogenic vacuum extraction to remove water from two contrasting soil types (Arenosols, Andosols) at five soil water retention energies (from −1500 to −33 kPa). Two experiments were carried out to analyse the impact of extraction time, and initial water content on the amount of extracted water, while a third experiment tested whether the cryogenic vacuum extraction changed the isotopic ratios after extraction. Minimum extraction times to recover over 90% of water initially in the soil samples were 40–50 min and varied with soil texture. Minimum volume for very dry soils were 0.2 mL (loamy sand) and 1 mL (loam). After extraction, the difference between the isotope standard and the isotopic values after extraction was acceptable. Thus, we recommend this procedure for soils derived from volcanic ashes.

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Global patterns of nitrate isotope composition in rivers and adjacent aquifers reveal reactive nitrogen cascading

2021 , Ioannis Matiatos , Leonard I. Wassenaar , Lucilena R. Monteiro , Jason J. Venkiteswaran , Daren C. Gooddy , Pascal Boeckx , Elisa Sacchi , Fu‐Jun Yue , Greg Michalski , Carlos Alonso-Hernández , Christina Biasi , Lhoussaine Bouchaou , Nandana V. Edirisinghe , Widad Fadhullah , Joseph R. Fianko , Alejandro García-Moya , Nerantzis Kazakis , Si-Liang Li , Minh T. N. Luu , Sakhila Priyadarshanee , Viviana Re , RIVERA SALAZAR, DIEGO ANDRÉS , Asunción Romanelli , Prasanta Sanyal , Fredrick Tamooh , Duc A. Trinh , Wendell Walters , Nina Welti

Remediation of nitrate pollution of Earth’s rivers and aquifers is hampered by cumulative biogeochemical processes and nitrogen sources. Isotopes (δ15N, δ18O) help unravel spatiotemporal nitrogen(N)-cycling of aquatic nitrate (NO3−). We synthesized nitrate isotope data (n = ~5200) for global rivers and shallow aquifers for common patterns and processes. Rivers had lower median NO3− (0.3 ± 0.2 mg L−1, n = 2902) compared to aquifers (5.5 ± 5.1 mg L−1, n = 2291) and slightly lower δ15N values (+7.1 ± 3.8‰, n = 2902 vs +7.7 ± 4.5‰, n = 2291), but were indistinguishable in δ18O (+2.3 ± 6.2‰, n = 2790 vs +2.3 ± 5.4‰, n = 2235). The isotope composition of NO3− was correlated with water temperature revealing enhanced N-cascading in warmer climates. Seasonal analyses revealed higher δ15N and δ18O values in wintertime, suggesting waste-related N-source signals are better preserved in the cold seasons. Isotopic assays of nitrate biogeochemical transformations are key to understanding nitrate pollution and to inform beneficial agricultural and land management strategies. © 2021, The Author(s).

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Water Resources and Governance Approaches: Insights for Achieving Water Security

2021 , Natalia Julio , Ricardo Figueroa , PONCE OLIVA, ROBERTO DANIEL

Integrated river basin management (IRBM) has been proposed as a means to achieve water security (WS), maximizing economic and social well-being in an equitable manner and maintaining ecosystem sustainability. IRBM is regulated by a governance process that benefits the participation of different actors and institutions; however, it has been difficult to reach a consensus on what good governance means and which governance perspective is better for achieving it. In this paper, we explore the concept of “good water governance” through the analysis of different governance approaches: experimental (EG), corporate (CG), polycentric (PG), metagovernance (MG) and adaptive (AG) governances. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) water governance dimensions (effectiveness, efficiency and trust and engagement) as a “good enough water governance” that regards water governance as a process rather than an end in itself. Results indicate that each of the five governance theories presents challenges and opportunities to achieve a good governance process that can be operationalized through IRBM, and we found that these approaches can be adequately integrated if they are combined to overcome the challenges that their exclusive application implies. Our analysis suggests that a combination of AG and MG encompasses the OECD water governance dimensions, in terms of understanding “good enough water governance” as a process and a means to perform IRBM. In order to advance towards WS, the integration of different governance approaches must consider the context-specific nature of the river basin, in relation to its ecologic responses and socioeconomic characteristics.

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An Analysis of the Effects of Large Wildfires on the Hydrology of Three Small Catchments in Central Chile Using Tritium-Based Measurements and Hydrological Metrics

2022 , Francisco Balocchi , RIVERA SALAZAR, DIEGO ANDRÉS , José Luis Arumi , Uwe Morgenstern , Donald A. White , Richard P. Silberstein , Pablo Ramírez de Arellano

Wildfires are an important disturbance affecting catchments’ soil and hydrological processes within. Wildfires are predicted to increase in both frequency and severity under climate change. Here, we present measurements of tritium (3H) in surface water of three streams before and after the ‘las Máquinas’ megafire of January 2017 in central Chile and streamflow metrics. Mean transit times (MTTs) of water were calculated in three coastal catchments with the Mediterranean climate type, covered by native forest, a mixture of native forest and Pinus radiata D. Don, and P. radiata. Lumped parameter models (LPMs) were used to obtain MTTs. Tritium activities from 2012 to 2018 ranged from 0.597 to 0.927 Tritium Units (TU), with the lowest TU activity in 2018. These 3H concentrations indicated water ages from 5 to 30 years. Following the fire, peak flows and baseflow have increased in two catchments but decreased in the third. Even though we have seen changes in the hydrological responses within the three catchments, pre- and post-fire MTT values were not significantly different. Therefore, there is no conclusive evidence of hydrological changes at the groundwater level due to wildfire at this early stage. However, since the MTT ranges from 5 to 30 years, it is likely that more time is required for the changes in the hydrograph to be clearly reflected in the tritium signal even though there are noticeable changes in streamflow metrics such as runoff and baseflow. Within the following years from this study, a sampling schedule to continue to investigate both the long-term drought and the effect of wildfire on these catchments will be maintained.

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Forest hydrology in Chile: Past, present, and future

2023 , Francisco Balocchi , Mauricio Galleguillos , RIVERA SALAZAR, DIEGO ANDRÉS , Alejandra Stehr , Jose Luis Arumi , Roberto Pizarro , Pablo Garcia-Chevesich , Andrés Iroumé , Juan J. Armesto , Pedro Hervé-Fernández , Carlos Oyarzún , Pilar Barría , Christian Little , Gabriel Mancilla , Santiago Yépez , Rolando Rodriguez , Don A. White , Richard P. Silberstein , Daniel G. Neary , Pablo Ramírez de Arellano

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Water demand in the Chilean manufacturing industry: Analysis of the economic value of water and demand elasticities

2020 , VÁSQUEZ LAVÍN , FELIPE ANTONIO , Leonardo Vargas O , José I. Hernández , PONCE OLIVA, ROBERTO DANIEL

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Exploring the Roles of Local Mobility Patterns, Socioeconomic Conditions, and Lockdown Policies in Shaping the Patterns of COVID-19 Spread

2021 , HERRERA MARÍN, MAURICIO RENÉ , GODOY FAUNDEZ, ALEX ORIEL

The COVID-19 crisis has shown that we can only prevent the risk of mass contagion through timely, large-scale, coordinated, and decisive actions. This pandemic has also highlighted the critical importance of generating rigorous evidence for decision-making, and actionable insights from data, considering further the intricate web of causes and drivers behind observed patterns of contagion diffusion. Using mobility, socioeconomic, and epidemiological data recorded throughout the pandemic development in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, we seek to understand the observed patterns of contagion. We characterize human mobility patterns during the pandemic through different mobility indices and correlate such patterns with the observed contagion diffusion, providing data-driven models for insights, analysis, and inferences. Through these models, we examine some effects of the late application of mobility restrictions in high-income urban regions that were affected by high contagion rates at the beginning of the pandemic. Using augmented synthesis control methods, we study the consequences of the early lifting of mobility restrictions in low-income sectors connected by public transport to high-risk and high-income communes. The Santiago Metropolitan Region is one of the largest Latin American metropolises with features that are common to large cities. Therefore, it can be used as a relevant case study to unravel complex patterns of the spread of COVID-19.

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