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    Astroglial gliotransmitters released via Cx43 hemichannels regulate NMDAR‐dependent transmission and short‐term fear memory in the basolateral amygdala
    (2022)
    Sergio Linsambarth
    ;
    Francisco J. Carvajal
    ;
    Rodrigo Moraga‐Amaro
    ;
    Luis Mendez
    ;
    Giovanni Tamburini
      2Scopus© Citations 36
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    Connexin-46 Contained in Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Malignancy Features in Breast Cancer Cells
    <jats:p>Under normal conditions, almost all cell types communicate with their neighboring cells through gap junction channels (GJC), facilitating cellular and tissue homeostasis. A GJC is formed by the interaction of two hemichannels; each one of these hemichannels in turn is formed by six subunits of transmembrane proteins called connexins (Cx). For many years, it was believed that the loss of GJC-mediated intercellular communication was a hallmark in cancer development. However, nowadays this paradigm is changing. The connexin 46 (Cx46), which is almost exclusively expressed in the eye lens, is upregulated in human breast cancer, and is correlated with tumor growth in a Xenograft mouse model. On the other hand, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have an important role in long-distance communication under physiological conditions. In the last decade, EVs also have been recognized as key players in cancer aggressiveness. The aim of this work was to explore the involvement of Cx46 in EV-mediated intercellular communication. Here, we demonstrated for the first time, that Cx46 is contained in EVs released from breast cancer cells overexpressing Cx46 (EVs-Cx46). This EV-Cx46 facilitates the interaction between EVs and the recipient cell resulting in an increase in their migration and invasion properties. Our results suggest that EV-Cx46 could be a marker of cancer malignancy and open the possibility to consider Cx46 as a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment.</jats:p>
      3Scopus© Citations 29
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      3Scopus© Citations 35
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    The role of astrocytes in depression, its prevention, and treatment by targeting astroglial gliotransmitter release
    (2024)
    Yorley Duarte
    ;
    Daisy Quintana-Donoso
    ;
    Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
    ;
    Ivanka Dinamarca
    ;
    Yordan Lemunao
    <jats:p>The role of ventral hippocampus (vHipp) astroglial gliotransmission in depression was studied using chronic restraint stress (CRS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rodent models. CRS increased Cx43 hemichannel activity and extracellular glutamate levels in the vHipp and blocking astroglial Cx43 hemichannel-dependent gliotransmission during CRS prevented the development of depression and glutamate buildup. Moreover, the acute blockade of Cx43 hemichannels induced antidepressant effects in rats previously subjected to CRS or CUMS. This antidepressant effect was prevented by coinjection of glutamate and D-serine. Furthermore, Cx43 hemichannel blockade decreased postsynaptic NMDAR currents in vHipp slices in a glutamate and D-serine-dependent manner. Notably, chronic microinfusion of glutamate and D-serine, L-serine, or the NMDAR agonist NMDA, into the vHipp induced depressive-like symptoms in nonstressed rats. We also identified a small molecule, cacotheline, which blocks Cx43 hemichannels and its systemic administration induced rapid antidepressant effects, preventing stress-induced increases in astroglial Cx43 hemichannel activity and extracellular glutamate in the vHipp, without sedative or locomotor side effects. In conclusion, chronic stress increases Cx43 hemichannel-dependent release of glutamate and D-/L-serine from astrocytes in the vHipp, overactivating postsynaptic NMDARs and triggering depressive-like symptoms. This study highlights the critical role of astroglial gliotransmitter release in chronic stress-induced depression and suggests it can be used as a target for the prevention and treatment of depression.</jats:p>
      8Scopus© Citations 31
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    Topical Application of Connexin43 Hemichannel Blocker Reduces Carotid Body-Mediated Chemoreflex Drive in Rats
    (2018)
    David C. Andrade
    ;
    Rodrigo Iturriaga
    ;
    Camilo Toledo
    ;
    Claudia M. Lucero
    ;
    Hugo S. Díaz
      3Scopus© Citations 2
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    Extracellular Cysteines Are Critical to Form Functional Cx46 Hemichannels
    (2022)
    Ainoa Fernández-Olivares
    ;
    Eduardo Durán-Jara
    ;
    Daniel A. Verdugo
    ;
    Mariana C. Fiori
    ;
    Guillermo A. Altenberg
    <jats:p>Connexin (Cxs) hemichannels participate in several physiological and pathological processes, but the molecular mechanisms that control their gating remain elusive. We aimed at determining the role of extracellular cysteines (Cys) in the gating and function of Cx46 hemichannels. We studied Cx46 and mutated all of its extracellular Cys to alanine (Ala) (one at a time) and studied the effects of the Cys mutations on Cx46 expression, localization, and hemichannel activity. Wild-type Cx46 and Cys mutants were expressed at comparable levels, with similar cellular localization. However, functional experiments showed that hemichannels formed by the Cys mutants did not open either in response to membrane depolarization or removal of extracellular divalent cations. Molecular-dynamics simulations showed that Cys mutants may show a possible alteration in the electrostatic potential of the hemichannel pore and an altered disposition of important residues that could contribute to the selectivity and voltage dependency in the hemichannels. Replacement of extracellular Cys resulted in “permanently closed hemichannels”, which is congruent with the inhibition of the Cx46 hemichannel by lipid peroxides, through the oxidation of extracellular Cys. These results point to the modification of extracellular Cys as potential targets for the treatment of Cx46-hemichannel associated pathologies, such as cataracts and cancer, and may shed light into the gating mechanisms of other Cx hemichannels.</jats:p>
      2Scopus© Citations 6
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    Role and Posttranslational Regulation of Cx46 Hemichannels and Gap Junction Channels in the Eye Lens
    (2022) ;
    Guillermo A. Altenberg
    <jats:p>Connexins are a family of proteins that can form two distinct types of channels: hemichannels and gap junction channels. Hemichannels are composed of six connexin subunits and when open allow for exchanges between the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu. Gap junction channels are formed by head-to-head docking of two hemichannels in series, each one from one of two adjacent cells. These channels allow for exchanges between the cytoplasms of contacting cells. The lens is a transparent structure located in the eye that focuses light on the retina. The transparency of the lens depends on its lack of blood irrigation and the absence of organelles in its cells. To survive such complex metabolic scenario, lens cells express Cx43, Cx46 and Cx50, three connexins isoforms that form hemichannels and gap junction channels that allow for metabolic cooperation between lens cells. This review focuses on the roles of Cx46 hemichannels and gap junction channels in the lens under physiological conditions and in the formation of cataracts, with emphasis on the modulation by posttranslational modifications.</jats:p>
      6Scopus© Citations 10
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    Activation of Intra-nodose Ganglion P2X7 Receptors Elicit Increases in Neuronal Activity
    (2023)
    Julio Alcayaga
    ;
    Jorge Vera
    ;
    Mauricio Reyna-Jeldes
    ;
    Alejandra A. Covarrubias
    ;
    Claudio Coddou
      2Scopus© Citations 2
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      2Scopus© Citations 9
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    Over-activated hemichannels: A possible therapeutic target for human diseases
    (2021)
    Mauricio A. Retamal
    ;
    Ainoa Fernandez-Olivares
    ;
    Jimmy Stehberg
      13Scopus© Citations 14