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      2Scopus© Citations 25
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    Modelling cost-effectiveness of syphilis detection strategies in prisoners: exploratory exercise in a Chilean male prison
    (2021)
    CASTILLO LABORDE, CARLA CECILIA  
    ;
    Pedro Gajardo
    ;
    Manuel Nájera-De Ferrari
    ;
    MATUTE WILLEMSEM, MARIA ISABEL  
    ;
    Macarena Hirmas-Adauy
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Syphilis, together with other sexually transmitted infections, remains a global public health problem that is far from controlled. People deprived of liberty are a vulnerable population. Control activities in prisons rely mostly on passive case detection, despite the existence of affordable alternatives that would allow switching to active case-finding strategies. Our objective was to develop a mathematical modelling framework for cost-effectiveness evaluation, from a health system perspective, of different approaches using rapid tests for the detection of syphilis in inmates' populations and to explore the results based on a Chilean male prison population.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>A compartmental model was developed to characterize the transmission dynamics of syphilis inside a prison with the ongoing strategy (passive case detection, with VRDL + FTA-ABS), considering the entrance and exit of inmates over a 40 year period. The model allows simulation of the implementation of a reverse algorithm for the current situation (rapid test + VDRL), different screening strategies (entry point, massive periodically; both with rapid test + VDRL) and treatment of detected cases. The parameters for the exploratory exercise were obtained from systematic searches of indexed and grey literature and field work (EQ-5D questionnaire application and key actors interviews). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted to account for uncertainty in relevant parameters.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>The proposed framework allows the evaluation of different detection strategies. In this study, all the strategies were cost-effective in the baseline scenario when considering an ICER threshold of 1 Chilean GDP per capita (US$15,000). The strategies most likely to be cost-effective (over 80% probability) were: current situation with reverse algorithm, entry point screening and mass screening every two years; the latter was the most effective, achieving the lowest prevalence (0.7% and 1.7% over the period versus the 3% prevalence in the current situation).</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>Mathematical modelling that considers the performance of different tests and detection strategies could be a useful tool for decision making. The exploratory results show the efficiency of adopting both the use of the rapid tests and performing active case detection to significantly reduce the burden of syphilis in Chilean prisons in the near future.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
    Scopus© Citations 5  1
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    Reverse Logistics for Solid Waste from the Construction Industry
    (2021)
    Manuel Vargas
    ;
    Miguel Alfaro
    ;
    Natalia Karstegl
    ;
    Guillermo Fuertes
    ;
    María D. Gracia
    This article reviews studies on the application of reverse logistics in solid waste from the construction industry. The main objective is to provide a summary of current knowledge and specific areas for future research. In addition, construction, as an economic sector, is in a continuous search for new tools to improve its processes, so this research provides the current situation of the relationship between reverse logistics and solid waste in the industry. The review methodology was content analysis of scientific literature published between 1997 and 2020, and total of 66 articles were used. 73% correspond to research articles, around 13% are case studies, and 12% are literature reviews. Only one of the articles is a survey. In addition, 52% of the works reviewed correspond to solid waste studies and 49% are related to the construction industry; only one publication does not classify in any. The most used keywords for the identification of published works were reverse logistics and supply chain; both terms are frequently related to the process and general management of solid waste and construction. The least used term was the literature review that shows the low number of articles that provide a summary of the proposed topic. Finally, three materials were chosen for the study because they are the most used in construction: metals, bricks, and concrete. 15% of the articles study all three, 18% study only metals, and 63% study other materials or are related to construction and solid waste in general.
      2Scopus© Citations 33
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    Transmission dynamics and control of COVID-19 in Chile, March-October, 2020
    (2021)
    Amna Tariq
    ;
    Eduardo A. Undurraga
    ;
    CASTILLO LABORDE, CARLA CECILIA  
    ;
    Katia Vogt-Geisse
    ;
    Ruiyan Luo
    <jats:p>Since the detection of the first case of COVID-19 in Chile on March 3<jats:sup>rd</jats:sup>, 2020, a total of 513,188 cases, including ~14,302 deaths have been reported in Chile as of November 2<jats:sup>nd</jats:sup>, 2020. Here, we estimate the reproduction number throughout the epidemic in Chile and study the effectiveness of control interventions especially the effectiveness of lockdowns by conducting short-term forecasts based on the early transmission dynamics of COVID-19. Chile’s incidence curve displays early sub-exponential growth dynamics with the deceleration of growth parameter,<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>, estimated at 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7, 0.8) and the reproduction number,<jats:italic>R</jats:italic>, estimated at 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6, 1.9). Our findings indicate that the control measures at the start of the epidemic significantly slowed down the spread of the virus. However, the relaxation of restrictions and spread of the virus in low-income neighborhoods in May led to a new surge of infections, followed by the reimposition of lockdowns in Greater Santiago and other municipalities. These measures have decelerated the virus spread with<jats:italic>R</jats:italic>estimated at ~0.96 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98) as of November 2<jats:sup>nd</jats:sup>, 2020. The early sub-exponential growth trend (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>~0.8) of the COVID-19 epidemic transformed into a linear growth trend (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>~0.5) as of July 7<jats:sup>th</jats:sup>, 2020, after the reimposition of lockdowns. While the broad scale social distancing interventions have slowed the virus spread, the number of new COVID-19 cases continue to accrue, underscoring the need for persistent social distancing and active case detection and isolation efforts to maintain the epidemic under control.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 45  1
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    Scopus© Citations 12  3
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    Scopus© Citations 5  1
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    Aligning Global Efforts for a Carbon Neutral World: The Race to Zero Campaign
    (2022)
    SEVIL ESTEBAN, ANGEL  
    ;
    Gonzalo Muñoz
    ;
    GODOY FAUNDEZ, ALEX ORIEL  
    According to the United Nations, in order to avoid some of the worst outcomes of climate change, the world must achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050 at the very latest. That is the aim of the Race to Zero Campaign. Since 2019, more than 10,000 organizations around the world have embraced Race to Zero, which has been able to successfully create a relevant, global, and diverse cross-sector partnership, tearing down the barriers that have emerged from uncertainty. Building on three key cross-partnership elements (strategic, institutional, and learning), combined with the uncertainties faced by the partners, we describe the resources and activities that have made that possible.
    Scopus© Citations 16  5
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      22Scopus© Citations 8
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    Uncertainty on measurement of elastomeric isolators effective properties
    (2021)
    Sebastián Miranda
    ;
    Juan Carlos de la Llera
    ;
    Eduardo Miranda
    Scopus© Citations 7  3
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