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Gut Microbiota‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles Influence Alcohol Intake Preferences in Rats
(Wiley, 2025-03)
Macarena Díaz‐Ubilla
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Aliosha I. Figueroa‐Valdés
;
Hugo E. Tobar
;
María Elena Quintanilla
;
Eugenio Díaz
<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>Growing preclinical and clinical evidence suggests a link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and problematic alcohol consumption. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators involved in bacteria‐to‐host communication. However, their potential role in mediating addictive behaviour remains unexplored. This study investigates the role of gut microbiota‐derived bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) in driving high alcohol consumption. bEVs were isolated from the gut microbiota of a high alcohol‐drinking rat strain (UChB rats), either ethanol‐naïve or following chronic alcohol consumption and administered intraperitoneally or orally to alcohol‐rejecting male and female Wistar rats. Both types of UChB‐derived bEVs increased Wistar's voluntary alcohol consumption (three bottle choice test) up to 10‐fold (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.0001), indicating that bEVs are able and sufficient to transmit drinking behaviour across different rat strains. Molecular analysis revealed that bEVs administration did not induce systemic or brain inflammation in the recipient animals, suggesting that the increased alcohol intake triggered by UChB‐derived bEVs operates through an inflammation‐independent mechanism. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the vagus nerve mediates the bEV‐induced increase in alcohol consumption, as bilateral vagotomy completely abolished the high drinking behaviour induced by both intraperitoneally injected and orally administered bEVs. Thus, this study identifies bEVs as a novel mechanism underlying gut microbiota‐induced high alcohol intake in a vagus nerve‐dependent manner.</jats:p>
7
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The role of astrocytes in depression, its prevention, and treatment by targeting astroglial gliotransmitter release
(2024)
Yorley Duarte
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Daisy Quintana-Donoso
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Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro
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Ivanka Dinamarca
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Yordan Lemunao
<jats:p>The role of ventral hippocampus (vHipp) astroglial gliotransmission in depression was studied using chronic restraint stress (CRS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rodent models. CRS increased Cx43 hemichannel activity and extracellular glutamate levels in the vHipp and blocking astroglial Cx43 hemichannel-dependent gliotransmission during CRS prevented the development of depression and glutamate buildup. Moreover, the acute blockade of Cx43 hemichannels induced antidepressant effects in rats previously subjected to CRS or CUMS. This antidepressant effect was prevented by coinjection of glutamate and D-serine. Furthermore, Cx43 hemichannel blockade decreased postsynaptic NMDAR currents in vHipp slices in a glutamate and D-serine-dependent manner. Notably, chronic microinfusion of glutamate and D-serine, L-serine, or the NMDAR agonist NMDA, into the vHipp induced depressive-like symptoms in nonstressed rats. We also identified a small molecule, cacotheline, which blocks Cx43 hemichannels and its systemic administration induced rapid antidepressant effects, preventing stress-induced increases in astroglial Cx43 hemichannel activity and extracellular glutamate in the vHipp, without sedative or locomotor side effects. In conclusion, chronic stress increases Cx43 hemichannel-dependent release of glutamate and D-/L-serine from astrocytes in the vHipp, overactivating postsynaptic NMDARs and triggering depressive-like symptoms. This study highlights the critical role of astroglial gliotransmitter release in chronic stress-induced depression and suggests it can be used as a target for the prevention and treatment of depression.</jats:p>
Scopus© Citations 5 8
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Morphine self-administration is inhibited by the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine and the anti-inflammatory ibudilast; an effect enhanced by their co-administration
(2024)
María Elena Quintanilla
;
Paola Morales
;
Daniela Santapau
;
Javiera Gallardo
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Rocío Rebolledo
<jats:sec id="sec001"> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>The treatment of opioid addiction mainly involves the medical administration of methadone or other opioids, aimed at gradually reducing dependence and, consequently, the need for illicit opioid procurement. Thus, initiating opioid maintenance therapy with a lower level of dependence would be advantageous. There is compelling evidence indicating that opioids induce brain oxidative stress and associated glial activation, resulting in the dysregulation of glutamatergic homeostasis, which perpetuates drug intake. The present study aimed to determine whether inhibiting oxidative stress and/or neuroinflammation reduces morphine self-administration in an animal model of opioid dependence.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="sec002"> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>Morphine dependence, assessed as voluntary morphine self-administration, was evaluated in Wistar-derived UChB rats. Following an extended period of morphine self-administration, animals were administered either the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 40 mg/kg/day), the anti-inflammatory ibudilast (7.5 mg/kg/day) or the combination of both agents. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were evaluated in the hippocampus, a region involved in drug recall that feeds into the nucleus accumbens, where the levels of the glutamate transporters GLT-1 and xCT were further assessed.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="sec003"> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>Daily administration of either NAC or ibudilast led to a mild reduction in voluntary morphine intake, while the co-administration of both therapeutic agents resulted in a marked inhibition (-57%) of morphine self-administration. The administration of NAC or ibudilast markedly reduced both the oxidative stress induced by chronic morphine intake and the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus. However, only the combined administration of NAC + ibudilast was able to restore the normal levels of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the nucleus accumbens.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="sec004"> <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>Separate or joint administration of an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent reduced voluntary opioid intake, which could have translational value for the treatment of opioid use disorders, particularly in settings where the continued maintenance of oral opioids is a therapeutic option.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
1Scopus© Citations 3
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Reduction of nicotine and ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (UChB) female rats by the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists 5-bromocytisine and cytisine
(2023)
María Elena Quintanilla
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Mario Rivera-Meza
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Pablo Berríos-Cárcamo
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Bruce K. Cassels
Scopus© Citations 2 2
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Chronic Voluntary Morphine Intake Is Associated with Changes in Brain Structures Involved in Drug Dependence in a Rat Model of Polydrug Use
(2023)
María Elena Quintanilla
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Paola Morales
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Daniela Santapau
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Alba Ávila
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Carolina Ponce
<jats:p>Chronic opioid intake leads to several brain changes involved in the development of dependence, whereby an early hedonistic effect (liking) extends to the need to self-administer the drug (wanting), the latter being mostly a prefrontal–striatal function. The development of animal models for voluntary oral opioid intake represents an important tool for identifying the cellular and molecular alterations induced by chronic opioid use. Studies mainly in humans have shown that polydrug use and drug dependence are shared across various substances. We hypothesize that an animal bred for its alcohol preference would develop opioid dependence and further that this would be associated with the overt cortical abnormalities clinically described for opioid addicts. We show that Wistar-derived outbred UChB rats selected for their high alcohol preference additionally develop: (i) a preference for oral ingestion of morphine over water, resulting in morphine intake of 15 mg/kg/day; (ii) marked opioid dependence, as evidenced by the generation of strong withdrawal signs upon naloxone administration; (iii) prefrontal cortex alterations known to be associated with the loss of control over drug intake, namely, demyelination, axonal degeneration, and a reduction in glutamate transporter GLT-1 levels; and (iv) glial striatal neuroinflammation and brain oxidative stress, as previously reported for chronic alcohol and chronic nicotine use. These findings underline the relevance of polydrug animal models and their potential in the study of the wide spectrum of brain alterations induced by chronic morphine intake. This study should be valuable for future evaluations of therapeutic approaches for this devastating condition.</jats:p>
7Scopus© Citations 6
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Amelioration of morphine withdrawal syndrome by systemic and intranasal administration of mesenchymal stem cell‐derived secretome in preclinical models of morphine dependence
(2023)
Mauricio Quezada
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Carolina Ponce
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Pablo Berríos‐Cárcamo
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Daniela Santapau
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Javiera Gallardo
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Morphine is an opiate commonly used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. However, prolonged administration can lead to physical dependence and strong withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of morphine use. These symptoms can include anxiety, irritability, increased heart rate, and muscle cramps, which strongly promote morphine use relapse. The morphine‐induced increases in neuroinflammation, brain oxidative stress, and alteration of glutamate levels in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens have been associated with morphine dependence and a higher severity of withdrawal symptoms. Due to its rich content in potent anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant factors, secretome derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is proposed as a preclinical therapeutic tool for the treatment of this complex neurological condition associated with neuroinflammation and brain oxidative stress.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Two animal models of morphine dependence were used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of hMSC‐derived secretome in reducing morphine withdrawal signs. In the first model, rats were implanted subcutaneously with mini‐pumps which released morphine at a concentration of 10 mg/kg/day for seven days. Three days after pump implantation, animals were treated with a simultaneous intravenous and intranasal administration of hMSC‐derived secretome or vehicle, and withdrawal signs were precipitated on day seven by i.p. naloxone administration. In this model, brain alterations associated with withdrawal were also analyzed before withdrawal precipitation. In the second animal model, rats voluntarily consuming morphine for three weeks were intravenously and intranasally treated with hMSC‐derived secretome or vehicle, and withdrawal signs were induced by morphine deprivation.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>In both animal models secretome administration induced a significant reduction of withdrawal signs, as shown by a reduction in a combined withdrawal score. Secretome administration also promoted a reduction in morphine‐induced neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, while no changes were observed in extracellular glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Data presented from two animal models of morphine dependence suggest that administration of secretome derived from hMSCs reduces the development of opioid withdrawal signs, which correlates with a reduction in neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens.</jats:p></jats:sec>
Scopus© Citations 4 1
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Neonatal Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Improves Myelination Impaired by Global Perinatal Asphyxia in Rats
(2021)
Andrea Tapia-Bustos
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Carolyne Lespay-Rebolledo
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Valentina Vío
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Ronald Pérez-Lobos
;
Emmanuel Casanova-Ortiz
<jats:p>The effect of perinatal asphyxia (PA) on oligodendrocyte (OL), neuroinflammation, and cell viability was evaluated in telencephalon of rats at postnatal day (P)1, 7, and 14, a period characterized by a spur of neuronal networking, evaluating the effect of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)-treatment. The issue was investigated with a rat model of global PA, mimicking a clinical risk occurring under labor. PA was induced by immersing fetus-containing uterine horns into a water bath for 21 min (AS), using sibling-caesarean-delivered fetuses (CS) as controls. Two hours after delivery, AS and CS neonates were injected with either 5 μL of vehicle (10% plasma) or 5 × 104 MSCs into the lateral ventricle. Samples were assayed for myelin-basic protein (MBP) levels; Olig-1/Olig-2 transcriptional factors; Gglial phenotype; neuroinflammation, and delayed cell death. The main effects were observed at P7, including: (i) A decrease of MBP-immunoreactivity in external capsule, corpus callosum, cingulum, but not in fimbriae of hippocampus; (ii) an increase of Olig-1-mRNA levels; (iii) an increase of IL-6-mRNA, but not in protein levels; (iv) an increase in cell death, including OLs; and (v) MSCs treatment prevented the effect of PA on myelination, OLs number, and cell death. The present findings show that PA induces regional- and developmental-dependent changes on myelination and OLs maturation. Neonatal MSCs treatment improves survival of mature OLs and myelination in telencephalic white matter.</jats:p>
Scopus© Citations 7 2
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Activation of Intra-nodose Ganglion P2X7 Receptors Elicit Increases in Neuronal Activity
(2023)
Julio Alcayaga
;
Jorge Vera
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Mauricio Reyna-Jeldes
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Alejandra A. Covarrubias
;
Claudio Coddou
Scopus© Citations 2 2
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Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Induced by Diabetes Is Mediated by Non-Selective Channels and Prevented by Boldine
(2023)
Luis A. Cea
;
Walter Vásquez
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Romina Hernández-Salinas
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Alejandra Z. Vielma
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Mario Castillo-Ruiz
<jats:p>Individuals with diabetes mellitus present a skeletal muscle myopathy characterized by atrophy. However, the mechanism underlying this muscular alteration remains elusive, which makes it difficult to design a rational treatment that could avoid the negative consequences in muscles due to diabetes. In the present work, the atrophy of skeletal myofibers from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was prevented with boldine, suggesting that non-selective channels inhibited by this alkaloid are involved in this process, as has previously shown for other muscular pathologies. Accordingly, we found a relevant increase in sarcolemma permeability of skeletal myofibers of diabetic animals in vivo and in vitro due to de novo expression of functional connexin hemichannels (Cx HCs) containing connexins (Cxs) 39, 43, and 45. These cells also expressed P2X7 receptors, and their inhibition in vitro drastically reduced sarcolemma permeability, suggesting their participation in the activation of Cx HCs. Notably, sarcolemma permeability of skeletal myofibers was prevented by boldine treatment that blocks Cx43 and Cx45 HCs, and now we demonstrated that it also blocks P2X7 receptors. In addition, the skeletal muscle alterations described above were not observed in diabetic mice with myofibers deficient in Cx43/Cx45 expression. Moreover, murine myofibers cultured for 24 h in high glucose presented a drastic increase in sarcolemma permeability and levels of NLRP3, a molecular member of the inflammasome, a response that was also prevented by boldine, suggesting that, in addition to the systemic inflammatory response found in diabetes, high glucose can promote the expression of functional Cx HCs and activation of the inflammasome in skeletal myofibers. Therefore, Cx43 and Cx45 HCs play a critical role in myofiber degeneration, and boldine could be considered a potential therapeutic agent to treat muscular complications due to diabetes.</jats:p>
5Scopus© Citations 18
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Innate gut microbiota predisposes to high alcohol consumption
(2021)
EZQUER, EDUARDO FERNANDO
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Maria Elena Quintanilla
;
Francisco Moya‐Flores
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Paola Morales
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MUNITA SEPULVEDA, JOSE MANUEL
Scopus© Citations 34 5

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