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    Novel utilization of deep brain stimulation in the pedunculopontine nucleus with globus pallidus internus for treatment of childhood-onset dystonia
    (2023)
    Jennifer A. MacLean
    ;
    Jaya Nataraj
    ;
    Jordan Davies
    ;
    Aleksandra Zakharova
    ;
    Joshua Kurtz
    <jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-documented therapy for dystonia utilized in many adult and pediatric movement disorders. Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has been investigated as a DBS target primarily in adult patients with dystonia or dyskinesias from Parkinson’s disease, showing improvement in postural instability and gait dysfunction. Due to the difficulty in targeting PPN using standard techniques, it is not commonly chosen as a target for adult or pediatric pathology. There is no current literature describing the targeting of PPN in DBS for childhood-onset dystonia.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Two pediatric and one young adult patient with childhood-onset dystonia who underwent DBS implantation at our institution were identified. Patient 1 has Mitochondrial Enoyl CoA Reductase Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (MEPAN) syndrome. Patient 2 has Glutaric Aciduria Type 1 (GA1). Patient 3 has atypical pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). PPN was identified as a potential target for these patients due to axial or orofacial dystonia. Pre- and post-operative videos taken as part of routine clinical assessments were evaluated and scored on the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) and Barry-Albright Dystonia Scale (BADS). All patients had permanent electrodes placed bilaterally in PPN and globus pallidus internus (GPi). A Likert scale on quality of life was also obtained from the patient/parents as applicable.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Significant programming was necessary over the first 3–12 months to optimize patients’ response to stimulation. All patients experienced at least a 34% improvement in the BFMDRS score. Patients 2 and 3 also experienced an over 30% improvement in BADS score. All patients/parents appreciated improvement in quality of life postoperatively.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>Deep brain stimulation in PPN was safely and successfully used in two pediatric patients and one young adult patient with childhood-onset dystonia. These patients showed clinically significant improvements in BFMDRS scoring post operatively. This represents the first reported DBS targeting of PPN in pediatric patients, and suggests that PPN is a possible target for pediatric-onset dystonia with axial and orofacial symptoms that may be refractory to traditional pallidal stimulation alone.</jats:p></jats:sec>
      1Scopus© Citations 2
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    Another in need enhances prosociality and modulates frontal theta oscillations in young adults
    (2023)
    Claudio Lavín
    ;
    SOTO ICAZA, PATRICIA  
    ;
    Vladimir López
    ;
    BILLEKE BOBADILLA, PABLO ERNESTO  
    Decision-making is a process that can be strongly affected by social factors. Evidence has shown how people deviate from traditional rational-choice predictions under different levels of social interactions. The emergence of prosocial decision-making, defined as any action that is addressed to benefit another individual even at the expense of personal benefits, has been reported as an example of such social influence. Furthermore, brain evidence has shown the involvement of structures such as the prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, and midcingulate cortex during decision settings in which a decision maker interacts with others under physical pain or distress or while being observed by others.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Using a slightly modified version of the dictator game and EEG recordings, we tested the hypothesis that the inclusion of another person into the decision setting increases prosocial decisions in young adults and that this increase is higher when the other person is associated with others in need. At the brain level, we hypothesized that the increase in prosocial decisions correlates with frontal theta activity.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that including another person in the decision, setting increased prosocial behavior only when this presence was associated with someone in need. This effect was associated with an increase in frontocentral theta-oscillatory activity. These results suggest that the presence of someone in need enhances empathy concerns and norm compliance, raising the participants’ prosocial decision-making.
    Scopus© Citations 8  1
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    Globus Pallidus Internus (GPi) Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease: Expert Review and Commentary
    (2020)
    Ka Loong Kelvin Au
    ;
    Joshua K. Wong
    ;
    Takashi Tsuboi
    ;
    Robert S. Eisinger
    ;
    Kathryn Moore
      1Scopus© Citations 62
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    Scopus© Citations 1  2
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      9  1Scopus© Citations 2
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    Myoclonus: An Electrophysiological Diagnosis
    (2020)
    Shabbir Hussain I. Merchant
    ;
    VIAL UNDURRAGA, FELIPE AGUSTIN  
    ;
    Giorgio Leodori
    ;
    Jay A. Gerpen
    ;
    Mark Hallett
    Scopus© Citations 35  2
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    How Do I Assess Tremor Using Novel Technology?
    (2019)
    Katherine Longardner
    ;
    Felipe Vial Undurraga  
    ;
    Fatta B. Nahab
    ;
    Mark Hallett
    ;
    Dietrich Haubenberger
      25Scopus© Citations 9
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      28Scopus© Citations 3
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    Medications, Deep Brain Stimulation, and Other Factors Influencing Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease
    (2019)
    Robert S. Eisinger
    ;
    Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
    ;
    Samuel Carbunaru
    ;
    Brandon Ptak
    ;
    ZHONGXING PENG CHEN
    Scopus© Citations 50  1