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    Women’s Participation in Top Management Business Positions and the Internationalization Process. Evidence for Chilean Companies
    (SAGE Publications, 2025-04)
    Juan Gallegos Mardones
    ;
    IBÁÑEZ CAAMAÑO, MARÍA JOSÉ  
    In recent times, women have been increasing their participation in company management positions, occupying positions on the board of directors, and making strategic decisions with a view to the international expansion of the firms. However, the evidence of the participation of women in the processes of internationalization of companies is not conclusive or adequate for emerging economies, such as those in Latin America. Based on this premise, we conducted this research using data from 1,246 firms included in the Fifth Longitudinal Survey of Chilean Companies. These companies are categorized into four industries: 98 in extractive, 149 in manufacturing, 285 in Commercial, and 714 in services. A Tobit regression model to estimate the influence of the presence of women in senior management and gender diversity on boards on the export intensity of the company. The main findings show that women in the position of CEO and a higher percentage of women on boards of directors do not affect the export intensity of the company. They also show that the relationship between foreign ownership and export intensity was positive and, finally, that export intensity did not depend on gender diversity in high-level administrative positions. An important limitation of this research is not having a data panel for each company to estimate their evolution over time thus, as well as information related to compensation contracts for management teams. For future research, we are interested in studying the effect of ownership on the internationalization process.</jats:p>
      1
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    A Comparative Analysis of Universal and Sentinel Surveillance Data for Coronavirus Disease 2019: Insights From Argentina, Chile, and Mexico (2020–2022)
    (Oxford University Press (OUP), 2025-03-10)
    Lidia Redondo-Bravo
    ;
    Kinda Zureick
    ;
    Carla Voto
    ;
    Xaviera Molina Avendaño
    ;
    Laura Flores-Cisneros
    Scopus© Citations 2  5
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      2Scopus© Citations 2
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    Geographic divergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST5-SCCmecI in the aftermath of a major earthquake and tsunami: impact of a plasmid harboring heavy metal resistance genes
    (American Society for Microbiology, 2025-04-09)
    Jose R. W. Martínez
    ;
    Manuel Alcalde-Rico
    ;
    Estefanía Jara-Videla
    ;
    Jinnethe Reyes
    ;
    Lina P. Carvajal
    (MRSA) is a major public health menace. The global spread of MRSA is characterized by successive waves of epidemic clones dominating specific geographical regions. The acquisition of genes encoding resistance to heavy metals (HMRGs) is thought to be a key feature in the geographic divergence of MRSA. However, the cause-effect relationship between the presence of HMRGs and the divergence of MRSA clones remains to be clarified. In this study, we assessed the role that HMRGs may have played in the evolutionary divergence of the MRSA ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I lineage in Latin America. We conducted a genomic characterization of 113 MRSA clinical isolates from six Latin American healthcare centers, including 53 isolates collected from two cities in Chile (Santiago and Concepción). We found a plasmid (pSCL4752) harboring arsenic, cadmium, and mercury resistance genes in 65% ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 71) of the ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I isolates. We also observed a geographic divergence associated with the presence of pSCL4752 in Chilean isolates, with a higher frequency in isolates from Concepción (88%) compared to Santiago (29%). Interestingly, a molecular clock analysis revealed that this divergence occurred in the aftermath of an 8.8 Mw earthquake and tsunami that struck the Concepción area in 2010. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the carriage of pSCL4752 can be beneficial or detrimental for ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I isolates, depending on the environmental availability of these heavy metals. Our results suggest that the divergence of the ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I MRSA lineage in Latin America could have been fostered by environmental disasters and influenced by the presence/absence of HMRGs harbored in a plasmid. </jats:p> <jats:sec> <jats:title>IMPORTANCE</jats:title> <jats:p> Methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic> (MRSA) is a major cause of life-threatening infections worldwide and a growing public health concern. The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as MRSA, is often linked to genetic adaptations that enhance their survival. Our research sheds light on how environmental changes, such as those triggered by a natural disaster, can influence the evolution and geographic spread of a highly resistant MRSA lineage in Latin America. We identified a plasmid carrying genes for resistance to arsenic, cadmium, and mercury, which was associated with the geographic divergence of the ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I MRSA lineage, with striking differences in its prevalence between regions affected by a major earthquake and tsunami. By linking environmental events to pathogen evolution, our study highlights the role of ecological pressures in the spread of MRSA. These findings emphasize the need to integrate environmental monitoring into public health strategies to better understand the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
      4
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    Resilience of mobility network to dynamic population response across COVID-19 interventions: Evidences from Chile
    (Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2025-02-20)
    Pasquale Casaburi
    ;
    Lorenzo Dall’Amico
    ;
    Nicolò Gozzi
    ;
    Kyriaki Kalimeri
    ;
    Anna Sapienza
    The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of non-traditional data sources, such as mobile phone data, to inform effective public health interventions and monitor adherence to such measures. Previous studies showed how socioeconomic characteristics shaped population response during restrictions and how repeated interventions eroded adherence over time. Less is known about how different population strata changed their response to repeated interventions and how this impacted the resulting mobility network. We study population response during the first and second infection waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile and Spain. Via spatial lag and regression models, we investigate the adherence to mobility interventions at the municipality level in Chile, highlighting the significant role of wealth, labor structure, COVID-19 incidence, and network metrics characterizing business-as-usual municipality connectivity in shaping mobility changes during the two waves. We assess network structural similarities in the two periods by defining mobility hotspots and traveling probabilities in the two countries. As a proof of concept, we simulate and compare outcomes of an epidemic diffusion occurring in the two waves. While differences exist between factors associated with mobility reduction across waves in Chile, underscoring the dynamic nature of population response, our analysis reveals the resilience of the mobility network across the two waves. We test the robustness of our findings recovering similar results for Spain. Finally, epidemic modeling suggests that historical mobility data from past waves can be leveraged to inform future disease spatial invasion models in repeated interventions. This study highlights the value of historical mobile phone data for building pandemic preparedness and lessens the need for real-time data streams for risk assessment and outbreak response. Our work provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of factors driving mobility across repeated interventions, aiding in developing targeted mitigation strategies.
      2
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    Scopus© Citations 1  1
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      3Scopus© Citations 2
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    Price Elasticity of the Residential Water Demand in Latin America: Empirical Analysis for Chile, Colombia, and Peru
    (World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd, 2025-05-16)
    Alejandra Chovar Vera
    ;
    VÁSQUEZ LAVÍN , FELIPE ANTONIO  
    ;
    Iván Lucich
    ;
    Jackeline Lucero
    ;
    Sergio Orrego
    The Latin American region lacks information on residential water demand and its price elasticity, in contrast to the extensive literature available in developed countries. To address this gap, we estimate residential water demand and its price elasticity in Chile, Colombia, and Peru using a discrete-continuous choice (DCC) model that accommodates nonlinear increasing block tariff (IBT) structures. We utilize household-level datasets for Peru and Colombia and a large administrative panel in Chile. Our findings reveal that the price elasticity of water demand varies significantly across countries. Chile exhibits moderately inelastic demand ([Formula: see text] overall, [Formula: see text] during summer months), while Colombia lies in a mid-range ([Formula: see text]), and Peru shows greater price responsiveness ([Formula: see text]). Furthermore, we find variations within each country when we analyze different levels of observed consumption by households. Additionally, household characteristics such as size and income are important drivers for understanding consumption patterns. Our research highlights the need for tailored policies that account for local consumption behaviors and socio-economic factors to improve the effectiveness of block tariff systems, given that IBT holds relevance from a policy perspective. These findings contribute to the literature on water pricing in Latin America and provide evidence-based insights for policymakers.
      39
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    The orbicular granodiorite of Recoba Hill in the North Patagonian Batholith
    (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, 2025-01-31)
    Aníbal Soto
    ;
    Francisco Hervé
    ;
    CALDERON NETTLE, MAURICIO ROBERTO  
    ;
    Gianfranco Gregorina
    A small body of orbicular granodiorite crops out on the Recoba Hill, immediately east of the town of Chaitén, in the mainland area called Chiloé continental, in southern Chile. The rock comprises cm-sized igneous cores with a single shell of fine-grained plagioclase-quartz-K-feldspar assemblages. It is hosted in a Miocene granodiorite, and it is crosscut by aplite and mafic dikes. No other mention of orbicular rocks has to date been reported for the &gt;1,000 km long North Patagonian Batholith, suggesting that the conditions necessary for their formation were infrequent. Thermobarometric determinations indicate pressures lower than 2 kbar (less than 6 km depth) for its formation, a level much shallower than the estimated source depth of the older rocks of the batholith.
      10Scopus© Citations 1
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    The Prevalence of Sexual Victimization in Children and Adolescents of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Peoples in Chile
    (Informa UK Limited, 2025-02-17)
    Cristián Pinto-Cortez
    ;
    Cristóbal Guerra
    ;
    Jenniffer K. Miranda
    ;
    VARELA TORRES, JORGE JAVIER  
    ;
    Soledad Álvarez-Lister
      4