Sex differences in the clinical and surgical management after intracerebral hemorrhage: A post hoc analysis of the INTERACT3 clinical trial
Journal
International Journal of Stroke
ISSN
1747-4930
Date Issued
2026-02-05
Author(s)
Ma. Ignacia Allende
Cheryl Carcel
Katie Harris
Menglu Ouyang
Lu Ma
Xiaoying Chen
Laurent Billot
Qiang Li
Alejandra Malavera
Xi Li
Asita de Silva
Thang Huy Nguyen
Kolawole W Wahab
Jeyaraj D Pandian
Mohammad Wasay
Octavio M Pontes-Neto
Carlos Abanto
Antonio Arauz
Chao You
Xin Hu
Lili Song
Craig S Anderson
Type
journal-article
Abstract
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Introduction:</jats:title>
<jats:p>As the management of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) shifts from historical inertia to more proactive, evidence-based care, ensuring sex-equitable access to best-practice stroke care is increasingly important. Data on sex differences in access to care for ICH remains limited and often conflicting. More robust evidence is required to understand where disparities may exist to inform targeted interventions.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Aims:</jats:title>
<jats:p>We aimed to determine sex differences in the clinical and surgical management of patients with acute ICH who participated in the third Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT3).</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Methods:</jats:title>
<jats:p>We performed a post hoc analysis of INTERACT3, an international stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised trial undertaken in 121 hospitals across 9 low- to middle-income countries and 1 high-income country. The trial aimed to evaluate a care bundle composed of intensive blood-pressure lowering, rapid correction of hyperglycemia, fever control, and reversal of anticoagulation; in adults presenting within 6 h of ICH onset. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to evaluate sex differences in access to surgical interventions, admission to an intensive care unit or acute stroke unit, assisted feeding, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, withdrawal of care, and use of pharmacological therapies (antiepileptic drugs, mannitol, dexamethasone, and statins). Patterns of care were further evaluated using latent class analysis, with sex differences analyzed using the same regression framework.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Results:</jats:title>
<jats:p>Of 7036 patients with ICH, 2533 (36%) were female. Females were older and had more severe neurological deficits. Overall care provision was similar across sexes. However, females were more likely to receive assisted feeding (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% CI = 1.02–1.31), and were less likely to withdraw from active care (OR 0.41, 95% CI = 0.19–0.87) than males. Surgical interventions were accessed at similar rates among sexes, a finding that persisted in analyses restricted to supratentorial ICH with hematoma volumes ⩾ 30 mL. Three distinct care classes were identified: high-intensity, high-rehabilitation, and low-intensity, with females and males having comparable distributions within the classes.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Conclusion:</jats:title>
<jats:p>Following acute ICH, females generally receive similar active acute care interventions as males, except for observed differences in access to assisted feeding and decision to withdraw from active care. These findings suggest that equal access to ICH interventions for females and males is feasible and exists in some settings. However, disparities in certain key interventions remain and present actionable opportunities for improvement. Further research is needed to explore not only access but also the timing and frequency of these interventions.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Data access statement:</jats:title>
<jats:p>Individual, de-identified participant data used in these analyses will be shared on request from any qualified investigator after the approval of a protocol and signed data access agreement via both the trial steering committee and the research office of The George Institute for Global Health (Sydney, NSW, Australia).</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:title>Introduction:</jats:title>
<jats:p>As the management of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) shifts from historical inertia to more proactive, evidence-based care, ensuring sex-equitable access to best-practice stroke care is increasingly important. Data on sex differences in access to care for ICH remains limited and often conflicting. More robust evidence is required to understand where disparities may exist to inform targeted interventions.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Aims:</jats:title>
<jats:p>We aimed to determine sex differences in the clinical and surgical management of patients with acute ICH who participated in the third Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT3).</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Methods:</jats:title>
<jats:p>We performed a post hoc analysis of INTERACT3, an international stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised trial undertaken in 121 hospitals across 9 low- to middle-income countries and 1 high-income country. The trial aimed to evaluate a care bundle composed of intensive blood-pressure lowering, rapid correction of hyperglycemia, fever control, and reversal of anticoagulation; in adults presenting within 6 h of ICH onset. We used mixed-effects logistic regression to evaluate sex differences in access to surgical interventions, admission to an intensive care unit or acute stroke unit, assisted feeding, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, withdrawal of care, and use of pharmacological therapies (antiepileptic drugs, mannitol, dexamethasone, and statins). Patterns of care were further evaluated using latent class analysis, with sex differences analyzed using the same regression framework.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Results:</jats:title>
<jats:p>Of 7036 patients with ICH, 2533 (36%) were female. Females were older and had more severe neurological deficits. Overall care provision was similar across sexes. However, females were more likely to receive assisted feeding (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% CI = 1.02–1.31), and were less likely to withdraw from active care (OR 0.41, 95% CI = 0.19–0.87) than males. Surgical interventions were accessed at similar rates among sexes, a finding that persisted in analyses restricted to supratentorial ICH with hematoma volumes ⩾ 30 mL. Three distinct care classes were identified: high-intensity, high-rehabilitation, and low-intensity, with females and males having comparable distributions within the classes.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Conclusion:</jats:title>
<jats:p>Following acute ICH, females generally receive similar active acute care interventions as males, except for observed differences in access to assisted feeding and decision to withdraw from active care. These findings suggest that equal access to ICH interventions for females and males is feasible and exists in some settings. However, disparities in certain key interventions remain and present actionable opportunities for improvement. Further research is needed to explore not only access but also the timing and frequency of these interventions.</jats:p>
</jats:sec>
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Data access statement:</jats:title>
<jats:p>Individual, de-identified participant data used in these analyses will be shared on request from any qualified investigator after the approval of a protocol and signed data access agreement via both the trial steering committee and the research office of The George Institute for Global Health (Sydney, NSW, Australia).</jats:p>
</jats:sec>