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Project Title
COMPRENDIENDO EL POSICIONAMIENTO ESTRATÉGICO DE LAS MUJERES EN EL CONFLICTO INTERGRUPO. UNA REEVALUACIÓN CRÍTICA, EXPERIMENTAL Y EVOLUCIONISTA DE LA HIPÓTESIS DEL MACHO GUERRERO
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1200607
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Start Date
2020

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Long-Term Mating Orientation in Men: The Role of Socioeconomic Status, Protection Skills, and Parenthood Disposition

2022 , FAJARDO RODRÍGUEZ, GABRIELA PAZ , POLO RODRIGO, PABLO , MUÑOZ REYES, JOSÉ ANTONIO , RODRÍGUEZ SICKERT, CARLOS ANDRÉS

From an evolutionary perspective, phenotypic, social, and environmental factors help to shape the different costs and benefits of pursuing different reproductive strategies (or a mixture of them) from one individual to another. Since men’s reproductive success is mainly constrained to women’s availability, their mating orientations should be partially calibrated by features that women prefer in a potential partner. For long-term relationships, women prefer traits that signal access to resources, protection skills, and the willingness to share them. Using generalized linear models with laboratory data taken from a Chilean population (N = 197), this study aimed to test whether real and potential resources (measured as self-reported socioeconomic status), protection skills (measured as handgrip strength), and the willingness to provide resources and protection (measured as their disposition toward parenthood) are related to mating orientation in men. Our predictions were: (1) socioeconomic status would be positively associated with long-term and short-term mating orientation but for long-term-oriented individuals, this would be enhanced by having a more favorable parenthood disposition and (2) strength would be positively related to long-term mating orientation in men with higher socioeconomic status and a favorable disposition toward parenthood and it would have a positive and direct association with short-term mating orientation. Our results partially supported the first hypothesis, since men with higher socioeconomic status were more long-term oriented, but parenting disposition did not moderate this effect. Contrary to our expectations, socioeconomic status was not related to short-term mating orientation. Strength appeared not to be significant for long-term mating orientation, even interacting with other traits. However, strength by itself was powerfully linked with a short-term mating orientation. Our results suggest that only some individuals that are attractive for long-term relationships are indeed long-term oriented and may reflect the overall conflict of interests between mating strategies among sexes.

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The Relationship between Androgen Receptor Gene Polymorphism, Aggression and Social Status in Young Men and Women

2022 , Nohelia T. Valenzuela , Irene Ruiz-Pérez , RODRÍGUEZ SICKERT, CARLOS ANDRÉS , POLO RODRIGO, PABLO , MUÑOZ REYES, JOSÉ ANTONIO , Ali Yeste-Lizán , Miguel Pita

In both sexes, aggression has been described as a critical trait to acquire social status. Still, almost uniquely in men, the link between aggressiveness and the genetic background of testosterone sensitivity measured from the polymorphism in the androgen receptor (AR) gene has been previously investigated. We assessed the relevance of the AR gene to understand aggression and how aggressiveness affects social status in a cross-sectional study of 195 participants, for the first time in both young men and women. We estimated polymorphism sequences from saliva and measured aggression and self-perceived social status. Unfortunately, the results did not support our prediction because we did not find any of the expected relationships. Therefore, the results suggest that the genetic association between aggressive mechanisms and polymorphism of the AR gene is less straightforward than expected, at least in men, and seems to indicate that aggression is not usually used to gain social status in our population.

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Prodromal phase: Differences in prodromal symptoms, risk factors and markers of vulnerability in first episode mania versus first episode psychosis with onset in late adolescence or adulthood

2022 , Norma Verdolini , Roger Borràs , Giulio Sparacino , Marina Garriga , Maria Sagué‐Vilavella , Santiago Madero , Roberto Palacios‐Garrán , Maria Serra , Maria Florencia Forte , Estela Salagre , Alberto Aedo , Pilar Salgado‐Pineda , Irene Montoro Salvatierra , Vanessa Sánchez Gistau , Edith Pomarol‐Clotet , Josep Antoni Ramos‐Quiroga , Andre F. Carvalho , Clemente Garcia‐Rizo , UNDURRAGA FOURCADE, JUAN PABLO , María Reinares , Anabel Martinez Aran , Miguel Bernardo , Eduard Vieta , Isabella Pacchiarotti , Silvia Amoretti

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Evidence of the active participation of women in the intergroup conflict based on the use of aggression and cooperation

2023 , MUÑOZ REYES, JOSÉ ANTONIO , Daniel Torrico-Bazoberry , POLO RODRIGO, PABLO , Eugenio Guzmán-Lavín , FIGUEROA VALDEBENITO, ORIANA CRISTINA , FAJARDO RODRÍGUEZ, GABRIELA PAZ , Nohelia Valenzuela , BELINCHÓN, MONTSERRAT , RODRÍGUEZ SICKERT, CARLOS ANDRÉS , Miguel Pita

AbstractIntergroup conflict has been a persistent aspect of human societies since the emergence of our species. Various researchers have proposed that competition between groups has acted as a key selective force throughout human evolutionary history. Such intergroup competition for limited resources exacerbated the expression of intergroup aggression and intragroup cooperation. Furthermore, it would have a sexual dimorphism, with men demonstrating increased sensitivity to conflict threats—in order to maximize reproductive opportunities—, while women generally reject from active engagement in intergroup conflict. In the present study, we conducted behavioral experiments under controlled laboratory conditions to measure cooperation and aggression from using virtual games, specifically the Public Good Games and the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm, in a sample of 541 participants. We created control and experimental intergroup competition scenarios, where aggression and cooperation were necessary to increase monetary rewards. Our results shows that men modulate aggression and cooperation in the presence of intergroup conflict. In addition, our data also reveals that women cooperate more than men and display heightened levels of cooperation and aggression when confronted with intergroup conflict. These findings prompt a reevaluation of current functional theoretical models concerning the role of women in intergroup conflict and suggest that the dynamics of human aggression and cooperation may be more nuanced than previously believed.

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