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    Price Elasticity of the Residential Water Demand in Latin America: Empirical Analysis for Chile, Colombia, and Peru
    (World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd, 2025-05-16)
    Alejandra Chovar Vera
    ;
    VÁSQUEZ LAVÍN , FELIPE ANTONIO  
    ;
    Iván Lucich
    ;
    Jackeline Lucero
    ;
    Sergio Orrego
    The Latin American region lacks information on residential water demand and its price elasticity, in contrast to the extensive literature available in developed countries. To address this gap, we estimate residential water demand and its price elasticity in Chile, Colombia, and Peru using a discrete-continuous choice (DCC) model that accommodates nonlinear increasing block tariff (IBT) structures. We utilize household-level datasets for Peru and Colombia and a large administrative panel in Chile. Our findings reveal that the price elasticity of water demand varies significantly across countries. Chile exhibits moderately inelastic demand ([Formula: see text] overall, [Formula: see text] during summer months), while Colombia lies in a mid-range ([Formula: see text]), and Peru shows greater price responsiveness ([Formula: see text]). Furthermore, we find variations within each country when we analyze different levels of observed consumption by households. Additionally, household characteristics such as size and income are important drivers for understanding consumption patterns. Our research highlights the need for tailored policies that account for local consumption behaviors and socio-economic factors to improve the effectiveness of block tariff systems, given that IBT holds relevance from a policy perspective. These findings contribute to the literature on water pricing in Latin America and provide evidence-based insights for policymakers.
      39
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    Optimization of Water and Land Allocation in Fruit Orchards over a 20-Year Period
    (MDPI AG, 2024-12-24)
    Luciano Quezada
    ;
    Eduardo Holzapfel
    ;
    Mathias Kuschel-Otárola
    ;
    Mario Lillo-Saavedra
    ;
    RIVERA SALAZAR, DIEGO ANDRÉS  
    <jats:p>This study proposes a nonlinear programming model for the optimization of water and land allocation in a 1000 ha orchard over a 20-year period to maximize farmers’ net profits. Different scenarios were evaluated, including equitable and unrestricted land allocation, and the risks associated with fruit production were considered. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis that focused on the variability of labor and water availability was conducted. The results reveal that with equitable land allocations and no constraints on the cultivated area, cherry emerges as the most profitable crop, although there are large risks associated with its price volatility. The introduction of risk and land allocation constraints highlights the importance of crop diversification in mitigating economic risks. A sensitivity analysis indicated that reductions in water and labor availability significantly affect the optimal cropping pattern of an orchard, suggesting that the efficient and adaptive management of resources is required. The proposed optimal cropping pattern maintains the economic viability of the orchard even with 70% and 24% reductions in water and labor, respectively. This approach underscores the importance of implementing resilient and sustainable agricultural strategies to ensure food security and increase economic stability in the face of changing climatic and labor conditions.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 5  2
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    Decadal Variability of Dry Days in Central Chile
    (2024)
    Daniela Latoja
    ;
    Mario Lillo-Saavedra
    ;
    Consuelo Gonzalo-Martin
    ;
    GODOY FAUNDEZ, ALEX ORIEL  
    ;
    Marcelo Somos-Valenzuela
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Dry days are crucial in precipitation variability and water scarcity, particularly in Mediterranean regions facing increasing aridity. Despite their importance, most research focuses on precipitation amounts and temporal dynamics. This study addresses this gap by analyzing dry days’ temporal and spatial variability in central Chile (32–40 S), a region experiencing prolonged drought. We examined dry day patterns from 1960 to 2021 using high-resolution gridded precipitation data, defining dry days with five precipitation thresholds (0.10, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mm/day). Principal component and trend analyses were employed to characterize spatial and temporal variability. Results reveal a spatial pattern of dry days closely following precipitation patterns, with more dry days in northern and coastal areas. The first principal component explains 70–80% of the variance, and clustering methods allowed the definition of five homogeneous regions with distinct monthly dry-day characteristics. Long-term trends show a significant increase in annual dry days south of 38°S, while trends are weaker and non-significant further north. Notably, trend direction is highly sensitive to the analysis period, with some regions showing opposing trends before and after 1982. The 2010–2019 megadrought is detectable in decadal anomalies. We found links between dry day anomalies and large-scale climate patterns, suggesting modulation by changes in subtropical and extratropical atmospheric circulation. This comprehensive characterization of dry day climatology and variability provides crucial insights for water resource management and climate change adaptation in central Chile and similar Mediterranean regions worldwide. Our findings highlight the importance of considering dry day frequency in drought assessment and water planning, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of precipitation patterns in Mediterranean climates.</jats:p>
      8
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      8Scopus© Citations 44
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      3Scopus© Citations 11
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      8Scopus© Citations 6
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    Water Resources and Governance Approaches: Insights for Achieving Water Security
    (2021)
    Natalia Julio
    ;
    Ricardo Figueroa
    ;
    PONCE OLIVA, ROBERTO DANIEL  
    Integrated river basin management (IRBM) has been proposed as a means to achieve water security (WS), maximizing economic and social well-being in an equitable manner and maintaining ecosystem sustainability. IRBM is regulated by a governance process that benefits the participation of different actors and institutions; however, it has been difficult to reach a consensus on what good governance means and which governance perspective is better for achieving it. In this paper, we explore the concept of “good water governance” through the analysis of different governance approaches: experimental (EG), corporate (CG), polycentric (PG), metagovernance (MG) and adaptive (AG) governances. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) water governance dimensions (effectiveness, efficiency and trust and engagement) as a “good enough water governance” that regards water governance as a process rather than an end in itself. Results indicate that each of the five governance theories presents challenges and opportunities to achieve a good governance process that can be operationalized through IRBM, and we found that these approaches can be adequately integrated if they are combined to overcome the challenges that their exclusive application implies. Our analysis suggests that a combination of AG and MG encompasses the OECD water governance dimensions, in terms of understanding “good enough water governance” as a process and a means to perform IRBM. In order to advance towards WS, the integration of different governance approaches must consider the context-specific nature of the river basin, in relation to its ecologic responses and socioeconomic characteristics.
    Scopus© Citations 35  1
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    A satellite-based ex post analysis of water management in a blueberry orchard
    (2020)
    Eduardo Holzapfel
    ;
    Mario Lillo-Saavedra
    ;
    RIVERA SALAZAR, DIEGO ANDRÉS  
    ;
    Viviana Gavilán
    ;
    Angel García-Pedrero
      1Scopus© Citations 6  2
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    A Conceptual Model Considering Multiple Agents for Water Management
    (2022)
    BENJAMÍN ANTONIO RIVADENEIRA TASSARA
    ;
    VALDÉS GONZÁLEZ, HÉCTOR MOISÉS  
    ;
    Carlos Fúnez-Guerra
    ;
    Lorenzo Reyes-Bozo
    In Chile, as in many other areas of the world, water supplies have been poorly managed and water availability is decreasing. In order to manage water resources more sustainably and equitably, it is necessary to understand and predict their supply and use considering the characteristics of a particular zone. This study aimed to develop a conceptual model for water management in the Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins Region in Chile. The model considers the water needs of industries with production activities, human consumption, and the ecological flow of each sub-basin in the area. The results show that the proposed model contributes to the understanding of the critical variables, their agents, and the interaction between the hydric demands, which enables the prioritization of human consumption and the ecological flow. Furthermore, the cross-analysis between the offer and demand indicates that current and predicted consumption levels will only be sustainable up to the year 2031. The findings may be of use to decision-makers seeking to improve water management plans in this area and elsewhere, and to others interested in modeling water management in different areas.
    Scopus© Citations 4  1
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    Ex Post Analysis of Water Supply Demand in an Agricultural Basin by Multi-Source Data Integration
    (2021)
    Mario Lillo-Saavedra
    ;
    Viviana Gavilán
    ;
    Angel García-Pedrero
    ;
    Consuelo Gonzalo-Martín
    ;
    Felipe de la Hoz
    In this work, we present a new methodology integrating data from multiple sources, such as observations from the Landsat-8 (L8) and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellites, with information gathered in field campaigns and information derived from different public databases, in order to characterize the water demand of crops (potential and estimated) in a spatially and temporally distributed manner. This methodology is applied to a case study corresponding to the basin of the Longaví River, located in south-central Chile. Potential and estimated demands, aggregated at different spatio-temporal scales, are compared to the streamflow of the Longaví River, as well as extractions from the groundwater system. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the availability of spatio-temporal information on the water availability and demand pairing allows us to close the water gap—i.e., the difference between supply and demand—allowing for better management of water resources in a watershed.
      1Scopus© Citations 5  2