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    Head-to-head comparison of CAMPYAIR aerobic culture medium versus standard microaerophilic culture for Campylobacter isolation from clinical samples
    (2023)
    Arturo Levican
    ;
    Carmen Varela
    ;
    Lorena Porte  
    ;
    WEITZEL, THOMAS  
    ;
    Isabel Briceño
    <jats:p><jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> spp. are considered the most frequent cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. However, outside high-income countries, its burden is poorly understood. Limited published data suggest that <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> prevalence in low- and middle-income countries is high, but their reservoirs and age distribution are different. Culturing <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> is expensive due to laboratory equipment and supplies needed to grow the bacterium (e.g., selective culture media, microaerophilic atmosphere, and a 42°C incubator). These requirements limit the diagnostic capacity of clinical laboratories in many resource-poor regions, leading to significant underdiagnosis and underreporting of isolation of the pathogen. CAMPYAIR, a newly developed selective differential medium, permits <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> isolation without the need for microaerophilic incubation. The medium is supplemented with antibiotics to allow <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> isolation in complex matrices such as human feces. The present study aims to evaluate the ability of the medium to recover <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> from routine clinical samples. A total of 191 human stool samples were used to compare the ability of CAMPYAIR (aerobic incubation) and a commercial <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> medium (CASA, microaerophilic incubation) to recover <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic>. All <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> isolates were then identified by MALDI-TOF MS. CAMPYAIR showed sensitivity and specificity values of 87.5% (95% CI 47.4%–99.7%) and 100% (95% CI 98%–100%), respectively. The positive predictive value of CAMPYAIR was 100% and its negative predictive value was 99.5% (95% CI 96.7%–99.9%); Kappa Cohen coefficient was 0.93 (95% CI 0.79–1.0). The high diagnostic performance and low technical requirements of the CAMPYAIR medium could permit <jats:italic>Campylobacter</jats:italic> culture in countries with limited resources.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 3  1
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    Higher Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacterales in Dogs Attended for Enteric Viruses in Brazil Before and After Treatment with Cephalosporins
    (2021)
    Marília Salgado-Caxito
    ;
    Andrea I. Moreno-Switt
    ;
    Antonio Carlos Paes
    ;
    Carlos Shiva
    ;
    MUNITA SEPULVEDA, JOSE MANUEL  
    <jats:p>The extensive use of antibiotics is a leading cause for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among dogs. However, the impact of using antibiotics to treat viral infections on AMR remains unknown. In this study, we compared the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (ESCR-E) between dogs with a suspected infection of canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper (CDV) before and after treatment with third-generation cephalosporins. We found a higher prevalence of ESCR-E faecal carriage in dogs suspected of CPV (37%) and CDV (15%) compared to dogs with noninfectious pathologies (9%) even prior to the start of their treatment. A 7-day course of ceftriaxone or ceftiofur administrated to CPV and CDV-suspected dogs substantially increased their ESCR-E faecal carriage during treatment (85% for CPV and 57% for CDV), and 4 weeks after the treatment ended (89% for CPV and 60% for CDV) when dogs were back in their households. Most of the observed resistance was carried by ESCR-E. coli carrying blaCTX-M genes. Our results suggest the need to optimize prophylactic antibiotic therapy in dogs treated for a suspected viral infection to prevent ESCR-E emergence and spread in the community.</jats:p>
      5Scopus© Citations 15
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    Scopus© Citations 21  2
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      1  1Scopus© Citations 13
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    Norovirus: Facts and Reflections from Past, Present, and Future
    (2021)
    LUCERO, YALDA  
    ;
    David O. Matson
    ;
    Shai Ashkenazi
    ;
    Sergio George
    ;
    Miguel O’Ryan
    <jats:p>Human Norovirus is currently the main viral cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) in most countries worldwide. Nearly 50 years after the discovery of the “Norwalk virus” by Kapikian and colleagues, the scientific and medical community continue to generate new knowledge on the full biological and disease spectrum of Norovirus infection. Nevertheless, several areas remain incompletely understood due to the serious constraints to effectively replicate and propagate the virus. Here, we present a narrated historic perspective and summarize our current knowledge, including insights and reflections on current points of interest for a broad medical community, including clinical and molecular epidemiology, viral–host–microbiota interactions, antivirals, and vaccine prototypes. We also include a reflection on the present and future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Norovirus infection and disease.</jats:p>
      1Scopus© Citations 56  3
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    Characterization of microbial communities from gut microbiota of hypercholesterolemic and control subjects
    (2022)
    Cristian Morales
    ;
    Gabriel Rojas
    ;
    Camilo Rebolledo
    ;
    Marcelo Rojas-Herrera
    ;
    Raúl Arias-Carrasco
    <jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, several studies have evidenced the importance of the microbiome to host physiology as metabolism regulator, along with its potential role in triggering various diseases. In this study, we analyzed the gut microbiota in hypercholesterolemic (cases) and normocholesterolemic (controls) individuals to identify characteristic microbial signature for each condition.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Stool samples were obtained from 57 adult volunteers (27 hypercholesterolemic and 30 controls). The taxonomic profiling of microbial communities was performed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicons, followed by data analysis using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology 2 (QIIME2) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences were observed in weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between the groups (p&amp;lt;0.05). LEfSe showed differentially abundant prokaryotic taxa (α=0.05, LDA score &amp;gt; 2.0) in the group of hypercholesterolemic individuals (<jats:italic>Methanosphaera</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rothia</jats:italic>, Chromatiales, Clostridiales, Bacillaceae and Coriobacteriaceae) and controls (<jats:italic>Faecalibacterium</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Victivallis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Selenomonas)</jats:italic> at various taxonomic levels. In addition, through the application of Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 2 (PICRUSt2), the predominance of pathways related to biosynthesis in hypercholesterolemic patients was established, compared to controls in which degradation pathways were predominant. Finally, in the analysis of co-occurrence networks, it was possible to identify associations between the microorganisms present in both studied groups.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Our results point out to unique microbial signatures, which likely play a role on the cholesterol metabolism in the studied population.</jats:p></jats:sec>
    Scopus© Citations 10  2
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    Digital Therapeutics Care Utilizing Genetic and Gut Microbiome Signals for the Management of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Results From a Preliminary Retrospective Study
    (2022)
    Shreyas V. Kumbhare
    ;
    Patricia A. Francis-Lyon
    ;
    Dashyanng Kachru
    ;
    Tejaswini Uday
    ;
    Carmel Irudayanathan
    <jats:p>Diet and lifestyle-related illnesses including functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and obesity are rapidly emerging health issues worldwide. Research has focused on addressing FGIDs via in-person cognitive-behavioral therapies, diet modulation and pharmaceutical intervention. Yet, there is paucity of research reporting on digital therapeutics care delivering weight loss and reduction of FGID symptom severity, and on modeling FGID status and symptom severity reduction including personalized genomic SNPs and gut microbiome signals. Our aim for this study was to assess how effective a digital therapeutics intervention personalized on genomic SNPs and gut microbiome signals was at reducing symptomatology of FGIDs on individuals that successfully lost body weight. We also aimed at modeling FGID status and FGID symptom severity reduction using demographics, genomic SNPs, and gut microbiome variables. This study sought to train a logistic regression model to differentiate the FGID status of subjects enrolled in a digital therapeutics care program using demographic, genetic, and baseline microbiome data. We also trained linear regression models to ascertain changes in FGID symptom severity of subjects at the time of achieving 5% or more of body weight loss compared to baseline. For this we utilized a cohort of 177 adults who reached 5% or more weight loss on the Digbi Health personalized digital care program, who were retrospectively surveyed about changes in symptom severity of their FGIDs and other comorbidities before and after the program. Gut microbiome taxa and demographics were the strongest predictors of FGID status. The digital therapeutics program implemented, reduced the summative severity of symptoms for 89.42% (93/104) of users who reported FGIDs. Reduction in summative FGID symptom severity and IBS symptom severity were best modeled by a mixture of genomic and microbiome predictors, whereas reduction in diarrhea and constipation symptom severity were best modeled by microbiome predictors only. This preliminary retrospective study generated diagnostic models for FGID status as well as therapeutic models for reduction of FGID symptom severity. Moreover, these therapeutic models generate testable hypotheses for associations of a number of biomarkers in the prognosis of FGIDs symptomatology.</jats:p>
      30Scopus© Citations 12
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      16  1Scopus© Citations 14
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      11Scopus© Citations 4
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    Scopus© Citations 14  2