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    Arsenic Exposure During Pregnancy and Childhood: Factors Explaining Changes over a Decade
    (MDPI AG, 2025-03-16)
    RUBILAR RAMIREZ, PAOLA ANDREA  
    ;
    HIRMAS ADAUY, MACARENA SOLEDAD  
    ;
    APABLAZA SALINAS, MAURICIO IVÁN  
    ;
    Camila Awad
    ;
    Xaviera Molina
    Arsenic chronic exposure, particularly in its inorganic form, represents a significant public health concern. This study was conducted in Arica, the northernmost city in the country, whose inhabitants have been exposed to inorganic arsenic both naturally through drinking water and anthropogenically due to a toxic waste disposal site. We explored changes in inorganic arsenic levels in a cohort of pregnant women and their children over a decade, identifying exposure trends and their determinants. We used data on arsenic exposure through maternal urine samples during pregnancy, collected by the Health Authority between 2013 and 2016 (measurement 1), and followed up with assessments of their children in 2023 (measurement 2). Temporal changes in inorganic arsenic concentration were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, and a mixed linear regression model was employed to determine which factors contributed to urinary inorganic arsenic levels. We did not observe significant differences in mean arsenic concentrations between the two-time points (p = 0.4026). The mixed linear regression model revealed that children consuming bottled water had 8.3% lower urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations than those drinking tap water (95% CI: −15.36 to −0.54%). Additionally, children from ethnic groups had 8.64% higher inorganic arsenic concentrations (95% CI: 0.49 to 17.5%), while those with caregivers with higher education showed a 13.67% reduction (95% CI: −25.06 to −0.56%). Despite mitigation efforts, these findings underscore the ongoing risk of inorganic arsenic exposure among vulnerable populations. They further emphasize the importance of addressing natural arsenic contamination in water and implementing targeted interventions to reduce disparities associated with socioeconomic and demographic factors.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 1  6
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    Consumo de tabaco en pacientes hospitalizados en Clínica Alemana de Santiago de Chile
    (2023)
    Xaviera Molina
    ;
    Mauricio Fernández
    ;
    Óscar Urrejola
    ;
    Karen Czichke
    ;
    Marcela Gómez
      1
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    Item type:Publication,
      5Scopus© Citations 2
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    Compliance with the smoking ban in enclosed, semiopen and open areas of workplaces and public places in Chile
    (2020)
    PERUGA URREA, ARMANDO  
    ;
    Xaviera Molina
    ;
    DELGADO BECERRA, OROZIMBA IRIS  
    ;
    MATUTE WILLEMSEM, MARIA ISABEL  
    ;
    OLEA NORMANDIN, ANDREA MARIA  
    <jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>To assess the national level of compliance with the Chilean comprehensive smoke-free legislation by observing healthcare facilities, education centres, government offices, hospitality venues and private workplaces, by type of area within workplaces and public places: enclosed, semiopen and open.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology</jats:title><jats:p>In this cross-sectional observational study, we studied a national representative sample of 3253 venues obtained through a two-stage cluster sampling design. First, 57 municipalities were randomly selected, proportionally to the total number of venues of interest. Second, within each selected municipality, a maximum of 12 venues of each sector was selected systematically from a list of existing sites. We determined the non-compliance level by estimating the percentage of the visited venues where smoking was observed or suspected in banned areas of the premises.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Smoking or suspicion thereof was not observed in any enclosed area of any establishment. However, smoking violations were observed in semiopen areas ranging from less than 0.5% of schools and healthcare centres to around 10% of hospitality venues or 23.0% of higher education centres. Smoking violations were also observed in outdoor areas of 6.7% and 1.6% of the health centres and schools, respectively.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>The stark contrast in compliance with the smoking ban between the enclosed areas and the semiopen areas may be a consequence of the complex definition of semiopen areas in the regulations. The study also reflects the need to improve the overall enforcement of the smoke-free law, particularly in universities and hospitality venues.</jats:p></jats:sec>
    Scopus© Citations 6  1
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    La oportunidad de incorporar el bienestar subjetivo en la protección de la infancia y adolescencia en Chile
    (2020)
    CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ  
    ;
    Xaviera Molina
    ;
    OBACH KING, ALEXANDRA ALICE  
    <jats:p>Los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) representan a un cuarto de la población chilena, sobre la cual en términos de protección el país se ha enfocado en la promoción de igualdad de oportunidad de derechos en base a convenciones internacionales. Sin embargo, aún los NNA siguen muriendo por causas prevenibles y modificables, además de experimentar importantes grados de vulnerabilidad, situación que repercute en complejos efectos emocionales y cognitivos a lo largo de su ciclo vital. Según la evidencia internacional el bienestar de los NNA va directamente relacionado con los índices de desigualdad social, valorando el bienestar como un componente esencial y transversal a los derechos de los NNA del país. En Chile, el bienestar subjetivo se define como las percepciones de los NNA respecto de sus condiciones vitales -tanto en el aspecto económico, como social, cultural, de salud y logros personales. Este concepto se ha estudiado a través de diferentes instrumentos los cuales podrían ser de gran utilidad para promover el componente psicosocial y calidad de vida de los NNA en las estrategias y políticas nacionales en esta población. En esta revision se propone integrar de manera explícita en las políticas públicas de la infancia y adolescencia el concepto de bienestar subjetivo, con el fin de entregar oportunidades justas, positivas y sistemáticas para el máximo desarrollo de los NNA en su ciclo vital, validando empíricamente las condiciones necesarias del buen vivir basado en un enfoque moderno de derechos humanos al cual el país se ha comprometido.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 7  1