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    Effects on Quality of Life of a Telemonitoring Platform amongst Patients with Cancer (EQUALITE): A Randomized Trial Protocol
    (2024)
    Felipe Martínez
    ;
    Carla Taramasco
    ;
    Manuel Espinoza
    ;
    ;
    Carolina Goic
    <jats:p>Cancer, a pervasive global health challenge, necessitates chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatments for many prevalent forms. However, traditional follow-up approaches encounter limitations, exacerbated by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, telemonitoring has emerged as a promising solution, although its clinical implementation lacks comprehensive evidence. This report depicts the methodology of a randomized trial which aims to investigate whether leveraging a smartphone app called Contigo for disease monitoring enhances self-reported quality of life among patients with various solid cancers compared to standard care. Secondary objectives encompass evaluating the app’s impact on depressive symptoms and assessing adherence to in-person appointments. Randomization will be performed independently using an allocation sequence that will be kept concealed from clinical investigators. Contigo offers two primary functions: monitoring cancer patients’ progress and providing educational content to assist patients in managing common clinical situations related to their disease. The study will assess outcomes such as quality of life changes and depressive symptom development using validated scales, and adherence to in-person appointments. Specific scales include the EuroQol Group’s EQ-5D questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). We hypothesize that the use of Contigo will assist and empower patients receiving cancer treatment, which will translate to better quality of life scores and a reduced incidence of depressive symptoms. All analyses will be undertaken with the intention-to-treat principle by a statistician unaware of treatment allocation. This trial is registered in ClinicalTrials under the registration number NCT06086990.</jats:p>
      2Scopus© Citations 2
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    Distinct Driver Pathway Enrichments and a High Prevalence of TSC2 Mutations in Right Colon Cancer in Chile: A Preliminary Comparative Analysis
    (2024)
    Camilo Tapia-Valladares
    ;
    Guillermo Valenzuela
    ;
    Evelin González Feliú
    ;
    Ignacio Maureira
    ;
    Jessica Toro
    <jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths globally. While ethnic differences in driver gene mutations have been documented, the South American population remains understudied at the genomic level, despite facing a rising burden of CRC. We analyzed tumors of 40 Chilean CRC patients (Chp) using next-generation sequencing and compared them to data from mainly Caucasian cohorts (TCGA and MSK-IMPACT). We identified 388 mutations in 96 out of 135 genes, with TP53 (45%), KRAS (30%), PIK3CA (22.5%), ATM (20%), and POLE (20%) being the most frequently mutated. TSC2 mutations were associated with right colon cancer (44.44% in RCRC vs. 6.45% in LCRC, p-value = 0.016), and overall frequency was higher compared to TCGA (p-value = 1.847 × 10−5) and MSK-IMPACT cohorts (p-value = 3.062 × 10−2). Limited sample size restricts definitive conclusions, but our data suggest potential differences in driver mutations for Chilean patients, being that the RTK-RAS oncogenic pathway is less affected and the PI3K pathway is more altered in Chp compared to TCGA (45% vs. 25.56%, respectively). The prevalence of actionable pathways and driver mutations can guide therapeutic choices, but can also impact treatment effectiveness. Thus, these findings warrant further investigation in larger Chilean cohorts to confirm these initial observations. Understanding population-specific driver mutations can guide the development of precision medicine programs for CRC patients.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 1  2
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    The socioeconomic distribution of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Chile
    (2023)
    Manuel Antonio Espinoza
    ;
    Rodrigo Severino
    ;
    Carlos Balmaceda
    ;
    Tomas Abbott
    ;
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Life expectancy (LE) has usually been used as a metric to monitor population health. In the last few years, metrics such as Quality-Adjusted-Life-Expectancy (QALE) and Health-Adjusted-Life- Expectancy (HALE) have gained popularity in health research, given their capacity to capture health related quality of life, providing a more comprehensive approach to the health concept. We aimed to estimate the distribution of the LE, QALEs and HALEs across Socioeconomic Status in the Chilean population.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>Based on life tables constructed using Chiang II´s method, we estimated the LE of the population in Chile by age strata. Probabilities of dying were estimated from mortality data obtained from national registries. Then, life tables were stratified into five socioeconomic quintiles, based on age-adjusted years of education (pre-school, early years to year 1, primary level, secondary level, technical or university). Quality weights (utilities) were estimated for age strata and SES, using the National Health Survey (ENS 2017). Utilities were calculated using the EQ-5D data of the ENS 2017 and the validated value set for Chile. We applied Sullivan´s method to adjust years lived and convert them into QALEs and HALEs.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>LE at birth for Chile was estimated in 80.4 years, which is consistent with demographic national data. QALE and HALE at birth were 69.8 and 62.4 respectively. Men are expected to live 6.1% less than women. However, this trend is reversed when looking at QALEs and HALEs, indicating the concentration of higher morbidity in women compared to men. The distribution of all these metrics across SES showed a clear gradient in favour of a better-off population-based on education quintiles. The absolute and relative gaps between the lowest and highest quintile were 15.24 years and 1.21 for LE; 18.57 HALYs and 1.38 for HALEs; and 21.92 QALYs and 1.41 for QALEs. More pronounced gradients and higher gaps were observed at younger age intervals.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>The distribution of LE, QALE and HALEs in Chile shows a clear gradient favouring better-off populations that decreases over people´s lives. Differences in LE favouring women contrast with differences in HALEs and QALEs which favour men, suggesting the need of implementing gender-focused policies to address the case-mix complexity. The magnitude of inequalities is greater than in other high-income countries and can be explained by structural social inequalities and inequalities in access to healthcare.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
    Scopus© Citations 1  7
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    Beyond tobacco: genomic disparities in lung cancer between smokers and never-smokers
    (2024) ;
    Yanara Bernal
    ;
    Evelin González
    ;
    Alejandro Blanco
    ;
    Gonzalo Sepúlveda-Hermosilla
    Scopus© Citations 5  13
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    The legal path for priority setting in Chile: a critical analysis to improve health planning and stewardship
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2024-01-08)
    Manuel Antonio Espinoza
    ;
    ;
    Carolina Goic
    ;
    Alejandro Andrade
    <jats:p>Health systems have committed their path to universal health coverage using health planning to accomplish their goals of efficiency, equity and sustainability. Chile, a high-income country with a public-private mix health system, has made significant progress through several successive health policies implemented in the last 20 years which have been consistent with this approach. However, in the last 5 years, the national congress has produced several disease-specific laws, which have been mainly promoted by the civil society. These laws indicate the actions the health authority must perform to tackle the needs of the affected population, which ultimately determine the priorities of the health system. We argue that this legal pattern has become an alternative path to priority-setting, as opposed to health planning. We claim this “legal path” is a mechanism used by civil society in a context where the health authority fails to implement a robust and legitimate prioritization process. Although these laws have brought benefits to patients suffering the corresponding conditions, we highlight this approach does not guarantee improvements in equity, efficiency and health system performance. Instead, we advocate for taking back the control of the priority-setting based on health planning, through a new institutionalization of health technology assessment and quality of care.</jats:p>
      2Scopus© Citations 4
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    Differential Effects of a Telemonitoring Platform in the Development of Chemotherapy-Associated Toxicity: A Randomized Trial Protocol
    (2024)
    Felipe Martínez
    ;
    Carla Taramasco
    ;
    Manuel Espinoza
    ;
    ;
    Carolina Goic
    <jats:p>Chemotherapy requires careful monitoring, but traditional follow-up approaches face significant challenges that were highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, exploration into telemonitoring as an alternative emerged. The objective is to assess the impact of a telemonitoring platform that provides clinical data to physicians overseeing solid tumor patients, aiming to enhance the care experience. The methodology outlines a parallel-group randomized clinical trial involving recently diagnosed patients with solid carcinomas preparing for curative intent chemotherapy. Eligible adult patients diagnosed with specific carcinoma types and proficient in Spanish, possessing smartphones, will be invited to participate. They will be randomized using concealed allocation sequences into two groups: one utilizing a specialized smartphone application called Contigo for monitoring chemotherapy toxicity symptoms and accessing educational content, while the other receives standard care. Primary outcome assessment involves patient experience during chemotherapy using a standardized questionnaire. Secondary outcomes include evaluating severe chemotherapy-associated toxicity, assessing quality of life, and determining user satisfaction with the application. The research will adhere to intention-to-treat principles. This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06077123).</jats:p>
      4Scopus© Citations 2
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    Retrospective study on disparities in time-to-treatment by health insurance system in Chilean breast cancer patients
    (Medwave Estudios Limitada, 2025-04-10) ;
    Teresa Ip
    ;
    Lea Maureira
    ;
    Cesar Sanchez
    ;
    Claudia Osorio
    Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in the Americas, and the second leading cause of cancer death. Disparities in the time to treatment can significantly impact patient outcomes and typically affect lower socioeconomic individuals and/or ethnic minorities. Our study sought to evaluate disparities in time to treatment at three health institutions in Chile according to their type of health insurance (public or private). Methods Our study analyzed a database of breast cancer patients diagnosed between 2017 and 2018. Analyses included descriptive statistics and a linear regression model that incorporated clinical and demographic variables. Additionally, using a proportional risks model, we analyzed the association between clinical variables and mortality. Results Public health insurance (National Health Fund, FONASA) was associated with longer time-to-treatment and extended treatment times versus private health insurance (Social Security Institutions, ISAPRE; p &lt; 0.0001). As expected, a more advanced stage at diagnosis was associated with lower survival. Our proportional risks model found that age was a predictor of breast cancer mortality in stage II patients. Also, total treatment time significantly increased the risk of breast cancer mortality in stage I patients. Conversely, total treatment time did not affect mortality on stages II or III. Conclusions We found significant disparities in the time to treatment of Chilean breast cancer patients using FONASA versus private ISAPRE. FONASA patients experience delays in the initiation of treatment and longer total treatment times compared to their private insurance counterparts. Finally, longer time-to-treatment was associated with more advanced stages and increased mortality.
      3Scopus© Citations 1
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      5Scopus© Citations 2
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    Exploring the characteristics of cancer-centred civil society organisations in Chile: A qualitative study
    (Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2025-05-16)
    Antonia Roberts
    ;
    Francisca Vezzani
    ;
    ; ;
    In Chile, civil society organisations in health have been historically active in population health and specifically in cancer; they have had an important role in addressing patients’ and families’ necessities. Although they occupy a central role, there is no clarity about who they are, how they are organised, the goals that guide their performance and how they materialize social participation in health. Based on that, this study aimed to explore the characteristics of civil society organisations that work in cancer in Chile and to identify the networks they build with other actors to achieve their goals. Materials and methods Qualitative case study using semi-structured online interviews with organisation representatives, politicians, decision-makers and academics related to cancer in Chile. Content analysis was performed, admitting emerging categories from the participants’ narratives.</jats:p> Results Three main profiles of organisations were identified: (i) Long-established organisations focused on influencing public policy and decision-making in cancer, (ii) Growing organisations focused on informing and supporting families and patients, (iii) Newly established organisations focused on patient well-being, such as sports activities. Relationships between groups and other actors involve perceived benefits like the growth of the organisations and funding for activities. However, perceived barriers and inequities are also identified, mainly lack of financial resources, competition between organisations and insufficient information. Discussion The objectives of civil society organisations in cancer are diverse and reflect multiple ways of practising social participation in health. Tensions generate unequal participation and missed opportunities to promote public health in cancer in Chile. The study highlights the importance of recognising cancer social organisations as essential actors in public health. It is crucial to involve them in formulating and implementing comprehensive responses to maximise the opportunities for progress in this field.
      4Scopus© Citations 1
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    Challenges for gene therapy in the financial sustainability of health systems: a scoping review
    (2024)
    Hugo Ossandon
    ;
    Nicolás Armijo
    ;
    Constanza Vargas
    ;
    ;
    Manuel Antonio Espinoza
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Aim</jats:title> <jats:p>To review the available evidence about the strategies implemented or proposed for coverage or reimbursement for currently approved gene therapies.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>A scoping review was conducted to analyze the evidence published during the years 2016 to 2023. The main search criteria were coverage or reimbursement of gene therapy by healthcare systems. The eligible articles were those that described or proposed a financing model used to provide coverage in the various systems around the world.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>The study identified 279 publications, and after removing duplicates and screening for eligibility, 10 were included in the study. The results show that various financing models have been proposed, including subscription-based payment models, outcome-based payment models, and amortization strategies. However, several barriers to implementing these models were identified, such as deficiencies in informatics systems for data collection, changes in laws or regulations, the lack of accessible clinical endpoints and administrative costs.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>This scoping review provides an overview of financing strategies for gene therapies. Gene therapies can cure rare or previously intractable diseases, but their high cost can make access difficult. Publishing experiences with these models can help evaluate their use and gather more evidence for their effectiveness.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
      1Scopus© Citations 16