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    Structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia in adverse environments: examining the effect of poverty and violence in six Latin American cities
    (2020)
    Nicolas A. Crossley
    ;
    Andre Zugman
    ;
    Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
    ;
    Leticia S. Czepielewski
    ;
    Mariana N. Castro
    <jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a1"><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Social and environmental factors such as poverty or violence modulate the risk and course of schizophrenia. However, how they affect the brain in patients with psychosis remains unclear.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a2"><jats:title>Aims</jats:title><jats:p>We studied how environmental factors are related to brain structure in patients with schizophrenia and controls in Latin America, where these factors are large and unequally distributed.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a3" sec-type="methods"><jats:title>Method</jats:title><jats:p>This is a multicentre study of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with schizophrenia and controls from six Latin American cities. Total and voxel-level grey matter volumes, and their relationship with neighbourhood characteristics such as average income and homicide rates, were analysed with a general linear model.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a4" sec-type="results"><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>A total of 334 patients with schizophrenia and 262 controls were included. Income was differentially related to total grey matter volume in both groups (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.006). Controls showed a positive correlation between total grey matter volume and income (<jats:italic>R</jats:italic> = 0.14, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.02). Surprisingly, this relationship was not present in patients with schizophrenia (<jats:italic>R</jats:italic> = −0.076, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.17). Voxel-level analysis confirmed that this interaction was widespread across the cortex. After adjusting for global brain changes, income was positively related to prefrontal cortex volumes only in controls. Conversely, the hippocampus in patients with schizophrenia, but not in controls, was relatively larger in affluent environments. There was no significant correlation between environmental violence and brain structure.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a5" sec-type="conclusions"><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results highlight the interplay between environment, particularly poverty, and individual characteristics in psychosis. This is particularly important for harsh environments such as low- and middle-income countries, where potentially less brain vulnerability (less grey matter loss) is sufficient to become unwell in adverse (poor) environments.</jats:p></jats:sec>
    Scopus© Citations 10  1
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    Anatomical dissociation of intracerebral signals for reward and punishment prediction errors in humans
    (2021)
    Maëlle C. M. Gueguen
    ;
    Alizée Lopez-Persem
    ;
    BILLEKE BOBADILLA, PABLO ERNESTO  
    ;
    Jean-Philippe Lachaux
    ;
    Sylvain Rheims
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Whether maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments rely on distinct brain systems remains debated, given inconsistent results coming from human neuroimaging and animal electrophysiology studies. Bridging the gap across techniques, we recorded intracerebral activity from twenty participants while they performed an instrumental learning task. We found that both reward and punishment prediction errors (PE), estimated from computational modeling of choice behavior, correlate positively with broadband gamma activity (BGA) in several brain regions. In all cases, BGA scaled positively with the outcome (reward or punishment versus nothing) and negatively with the expectation (predictability of reward or punishment). However, reward PE were better signaled in some regions (such as the ventromedial prefrontal and lateral orbitofrontal cortex), and punishment PE in other regions (such as the anterior insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). These regions might therefore belong to brain systems that differentially contribute to the repetition of rewarded choices and the avoidance of punished choices.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 48  1
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    Default Mode Network, Meditation, and Age-Associated Brain Changes: What Can We Learn from the Impact of Mental Training on Well-Being as a Psychotherapeutic Approach?
    (2019)
    Ricardo Ramírez-Barrantes
    ;
    Marcelo Arancibia
    ;
    Jana Stojanova
    ;
    ASPÉ SÁNCHEZ, MAURICIO ALEJANDRO  
    ;
    Claudio Córdova
    Aging is a physiological process accompanied by cognitive decline, principally in memory and executive functions. Alterations in the connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) have been found to participate in cognitive decline, as well as in several neurocognitive disorders. The DMN has antisynchronic activity with attentional networks (task-positive networks (TPN)), which are critical to executive function and memory. Findings pointing to the regulation of the DMN via activation of TPN suggest that it can be used as a strategy for neuroprotection. Meditation is a noninvasive and nonpharmacological technique proven to increase meta-awareness, a cognitive ability which involves the control of both networks. In this review, we discuss the possibility of facilitating healthy aging through the regulation of networks through meditation. We propose that by practicing specific types of meditation, cognitive decline could be slowed, promoting a healthy lifestyle, which may enhance the quality of life for the elderly.
    Scopus© Citations 38  1
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      3Scopus© Citations 46
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    Mapping Subcortical Brain Alterations in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Effects of Deletion Size and Convergence With Idiopathic Neuropsychiatric Illness
    (2020)
    Christopher R.K. Ching
    ;
    Boris A. Gutman
    ;
    Daqiang Sun
    ;
    Julio Villalon Reina
    ;
    Anjanibhargavi Ragothaman
    Scopus© Citations 44  8
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    Scopus© Citations 18  1