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    Role of mountain glaciers in the hydrological dynamics of headwater basins in the Wet Andes
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-03)
    Elizabet Lizama
    ;
    Marcelo Somos-Valenzuela
    ;
    RIVERA SALAZAR, DIEGO ANDRÉS  
    ;
    Mario Lillo
    ;
    Bastian Morales
      13
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    Scopus© Citations 1
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    The Genomic and Cultural Diversity of the Inka Qhapaq Hucha Ceremony in Chile and Argentina
    (2024)
    Constanza de la Fuente Castro
    ;
    Constanza Cortés
    ;
    Maanasa Raghavan
    ;
    Daniela Castillo
    ;
    CASTRO DOMINGUEZ, MARIO MARCELO  
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The South American archaeological record has ample evidence of the socio-cultural dynamism of human populations in the past. This has also been supported through the analysis of ancient genomes, by showing evidence of gene flow across the region. While the extent of these signals is yet to be tested, the growing number of ancient genomes allows for more fine-scaled hypotheses to be evaluated. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity of individuals associated with the Inka ritual, Qhapaq hucha. As part of this ceremony, one or more individuals were buried with Inka and local-style offerings on mountain summits along the Andes, leaving a very distinctive record. Using paleogenomic tools, we analyzed three individuals: two newly generated genomes from El Plomo Mountain (Chile) and El Toro Mountain (Argentina), and a previously published genome from Argentina (Aconcagua Mountain). Our results reveal a complex demographic scenario with each of the individuals showing different genetic affinities. Furthermore, while two individuals showed genetic similarities with present-day and ancient populations from the southern region of the Inka empire, the third individual may have undertaken long-distance movement. The genetic diversity we observed between individuals from similar cultural contexts supports the highly diverse strategies Inka implemented while incorporating new territories. More broadly, this research contributes to our growing understanding of the population dynamics in the Andes by discussing the implications and temporality of population movements in the region.</jats:p>
      1
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    Holistic rockfall risk assessment in high mountain areas affected by seismic activity: Application to the Uspallata valley, Central Andes, Chile
    (2023)
    Manon Farvacque
    ;
    Nicolas Eckert
    ;
    CANDIA AGUSTI, GABRIEL ALFONSO  
    ;
    Franck Bourrier
    ;
    Christophe Corona
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Over large regions exposed to natural disasters, cascading effects resulting from complex or concatenated natural processes may represent a large portion of total risk. Populated high‐mountain environments are a major concern, and methods for large‐scale quantitative risk analyses are urgently required to improve risk mitigation. This article presents a comprehensive quantitative rockfall risk assessment over a large archetypal valley of the Andean mountains, in Central Chile, which integrates a wide spectrum of elements at risk. Risk is expressed as an expected damage both in monetary terms and casualties, at different scales relevant for decision making. Notably, total rockfall risk is divided into its main drivers, which allows quantifying seismically induced rockfall risk. For this purpose, the local seismic hazard is quantified and the yield acceleration, that is, acceleration required to initiate rockfall, is determined at the regional scale. The probability of failure is thereafter derived in terms of annual frequency of rockfall initiation and integrated in the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) process. Our results show the significant role of seismic activity as the triggering mechanism of rockfalls, and highlight elements at risk that have a major contribution to the total risk. Eventually a sensitivity analysis is conducted to (i) assess the robustness of obtained risk estimates to the data and modeling choices and (ii) identify the most influential assumptions. Our approach evidences the feasibility of large‐scale QRAs in sensitive environments and opens perspectives for refining QRAs in similar territories significantly affected by cascading effects and multihazards.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 3  1
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    Scopus© Citations 2  2
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    Scopus© Citations 10  3
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    Scopus© Citations 5  3
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    Geomorphological mapping and landforms characterization of a high valley environment in the Chilean Andes
    (2020)
    Matías Barrera González
    ;
    Rodríguez Oroz, María Delia
    ;
    Jesús Alcalá-Reygosa
    ;
    Néstor Campos
    Scopus© Citations 1
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    Validation of Cryogenic Vacuum Extraction of Pore Water from Volcanic Soils for Isotopic Analysis
    (2019)
    Diego Rivera Salazar
    ;
    Karen Gutierrez
    ;
    Walter Valdivia-Cea
    ;
    Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini
    ;
    GODOY FAUNDEZ, ALEX ORIEL  
    <jats:p>Andean headwater catchments are key components of the hydrological cycle, given that they capture moisture, store water and release it for Chilean cities, industry, agriculture, and cities in Chile. However, knowledge about within-Andean catchment processes is far from clear. Most soils in the Andes derive from volcanic ash Andosols and Arenosols presenting high organic matter, high-water retention capacity and fine pores; and are very dry during summer. Despite their importance, there is little research on the hillslope hydrology of Andosols. Environmental isotopes such as Deuterium and 18-O are direct tracers for water and useful on analyzing water-soil interactions. This work explores, for the first time, the efficiency of cryogenic vacuum extraction to remove water from two contrasting soil types (Arenosols, Andosols) at five soil water retention energies (from −1500 to −33 kPa). Two experiments were carried out to analyse the impact of extraction time, and initial water content on the amount of extracted water, while a third experiment tested whether the cryogenic vacuum extraction changed the isotopic ratios after extraction. Minimum extraction times to recover over 90% of water initially in the soil samples were 40–50 min and varied with soil texture. Minimum volume for very dry soils were 0.2 mL (loamy sand) and 1 mL (loam). After extraction, the difference between the isotope standard and the isotopic values after extraction was acceptable. Thus, we recommend this procedure for soils derived from volcanic ashes.</jats:p>
      1  1
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    Ammonite biostratigraphy and bioevents in the Jurassic – Cretaceous boundary of central Chile
    (2020)
    SALAZAR SOTO, CHRISTIAN
    ;
    Wolfgang Stinnesbeck
    ;
    Miguel Álvarez
    Scopus© Citations 12  2