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    Holistic rockfall risk assessment in high mountain areas affected by seismic activity: Application to the Uspallata valley, Central Andes, Chile
    (2023)
    Manon Farvacque
    ;
    Nicolas Eckert
    ;
    CANDIA AGUSTI, GABRIEL ALFONSO  
    ;
    Franck Bourrier
    ;
    Christophe Corona
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Over large regions exposed to natural disasters, cascading effects resulting from complex or concatenated natural processes may represent a large portion of total risk. Populated high‐mountain environments are a major concern, and methods for large‐scale quantitative risk analyses are urgently required to improve risk mitigation. This article presents a comprehensive quantitative rockfall risk assessment over a large archetypal valley of the Andean mountains, in Central Chile, which integrates a wide spectrum of elements at risk. Risk is expressed as an expected damage both in monetary terms and casualties, at different scales relevant for decision making. Notably, total rockfall risk is divided into its main drivers, which allows quantifying seismically induced rockfall risk. For this purpose, the local seismic hazard is quantified and the yield acceleration, that is, acceleration required to initiate rockfall, is determined at the regional scale. The probability of failure is thereafter derived in terms of annual frequency of rockfall initiation and integrated in the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) process. Our results show the significant role of seismic activity as the triggering mechanism of rockfalls, and highlight elements at risk that have a major contribution to the total risk. Eventually a sensitivity analysis is conducted to (i) assess the robustness of obtained risk estimates to the data and modeling choices and (ii) identify the most influential assumptions. Our approach evidences the feasibility of large‐scale QRAs in sensitive environments and opens perspectives for refining QRAs in similar territories significantly affected by cascading effects and multihazards.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 3  1
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    Royal jelly extracellular vesicles promote wound healing by modulating underlying cellular responses
    (2023)
    Simón Álvarez
    ;
    Pamina Contreras-Kallens
    ;
    Sebastian Aguayo
    ;
    Ramírez Prada, Orlando
    ;
    Catalina Vallejos
      1  4Scopus© Citations 30
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    Geotechnical Aspects of the 2015 M<sub>w</sub> 8.3 Illapel Megathrust Earthquake Sequence in Chile
    (2017)
    CANDIA AGUSTI, GABRIEL  
    ;
    Gregory P. de Pascale
    ;
    Gonzalo Montalva
    ;
    Christian Ledezma
    <jats:p> The 2015 Illapel earthquake sequence in Central Chile, occurred along the subduction zone interface in a known seismic gap, with moment magnitudes of M<jats:sub> w</jats:sub> 8.3, M<jats:sub> w</jats:sub> 7.1, and M<jats:sub> w</jats:sub> 7.6. The main event triggered tsunami waves that damaged structures along the coast, while the surface ground motion induced localized liquefaction, settlement of bridge abutments, rockfall, debris flow, and collapse in several adobe structures. Because of the strict seismic codes in Chile, damage to modern engineered infrastructure was limited, although there was widespread tsunami-induced damage to one-story and two-stories residential homes adjacent to the shoreline. Soon after the earthquake, shear wave measurements were performed at selected potentially liquefiable sites to test recent V<jats:sub> S</jats:sub>-based liquefaction susceptibility approaches. This paper describes the effects that this earthquake sequence and tsunami had on a number of retaining structures, bridge abutments, and cuts along Chile's main highway (Route 5). Since tsunami waves redistribute coastal and near shore sand along the coast, liquefaction evidence in coastal zones with tsunami waves is sometimes obscured within minutes because the tsunami waves entrain and deposit sand that covers or erodes evidence of liquefaction (e.g., lateral spread or sand blows). This suggests that liquefaction occurrence and hazard may be under estimated in coastal zones. Importantly, the areas that experienced the greatest coseismic slip, appeared to have the largest volumes of rockfall that impacted roads, which suggests that coseismic slip maps, generated immediately after the shaking stops, can provide a first order indication about where to expect damage during future major events. </jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 17  2