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    Structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia in adverse environments: examining the effect of poverty and violence in six Latin American cities
    (2020)
    Nicolas A. Crossley
    ;
    Andre Zugman
    ;
    Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
    ;
    Leticia S. Czepielewski
    ;
    Mariana N. Castro
    <jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a1"><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Social and environmental factors such as poverty or violence modulate the risk and course of schizophrenia. However, how they affect the brain in patients with psychosis remains unclear.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a2"><jats:title>Aims</jats:title><jats:p>We studied how environmental factors are related to brain structure in patients with schizophrenia and controls in Latin America, where these factors are large and unequally distributed.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a3" sec-type="methods"><jats:title>Method</jats:title><jats:p>This is a multicentre study of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with schizophrenia and controls from six Latin American cities. Total and voxel-level grey matter volumes, and their relationship with neighbourhood characteristics such as average income and homicide rates, were analysed with a general linear model.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a4" sec-type="results"><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>A total of 334 patients with schizophrenia and 262 controls were included. Income was differentially related to total grey matter volume in both groups (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.006). Controls showed a positive correlation between total grey matter volume and income (<jats:italic>R</jats:italic> = 0.14, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.02). Surprisingly, this relationship was not present in patients with schizophrenia (<jats:italic>R</jats:italic> = −0.076, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.17). Voxel-level analysis confirmed that this interaction was widespread across the cortex. After adjusting for global brain changes, income was positively related to prefrontal cortex volumes only in controls. Conversely, the hippocampus in patients with schizophrenia, but not in controls, was relatively larger in affluent environments. There was no significant correlation between environmental violence and brain structure.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S0007125020001439_sec_a5" sec-type="conclusions"><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results highlight the interplay between environment, particularly poverty, and individual characteristics in psychosis. This is particularly important for harsh environments such as low- and middle-income countries, where potentially less brain vulnerability (less grey matter loss) is sufficient to become unwell in adverse (poor) environments.</jats:p></jats:sec>
    Scopus© Citations 10  1
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    Seroprevalence of Natural and Acquired Immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in a Population Cohort from Two Chilean Cities, 2020–2022
    (2023)
    Loreto Núñez-Franz
    ;
    Muriel Ramírez-Santana
    ;
    RUBILAR RAMIREZ, PAOLA  
    ;
    Macarena Said
    ;
    VIAL COX, MARIA CECILIA  
    <jats:p>Background: Chile has achieved the highest coverage for vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus worldwide. Objective: To assess the progression of immunity (natural and acquired by vaccine) in a cohort from two Chilean cities. Methods: Individuals (n = 386) who participated in three phases of population-based serial prevalence studies were included (2020–2021 and 2022). Presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was measured in serum. Data including time of vaccination and type of vaccine received were analysed with descriptive statistics. Results: Seroprevalence was 3.6% in the first round and increased to 96.9% in the second and 98.7% in the third. In the third round, 75% of individuals who had received the basal full scheme were seropositive at 180 days or more since their last dose; 98% of individuals who received one booster dose were seropositive at 180 days or more, and 100% participants who received two boosters were seropositive, regardless of time since their last dose. Participants receiving mRNA vaccines had higher seroprevalence rates over time. Conclusions: The high vaccination coverage in Chile enabled the population to maintain high levels of antibodies. Vaccination boosters are essential to maintain immunity over time, which also depends on the type of vaccine administered.</jats:p>
      1Scopus© Citations 12