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    Geographic divergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST5-SCCmecI in the aftermath of a major earthquake and tsunami: impact of a plasmid harboring heavy metal resistance genes
    (American Society for Microbiology, 2025-04-09)
    Jose R. W. Martínez
    ;
    Manuel Alcalde-Rico
    ;
    Estefanía Jara-Videla
    ;
    Jinnethe Reyes
    ;
    Lina P. Carvajal
    (MRSA) is a major public health menace. The global spread of MRSA is characterized by successive waves of epidemic clones dominating specific geographical regions. The acquisition of genes encoding resistance to heavy metals (HMRGs) is thought to be a key feature in the geographic divergence of MRSA. However, the cause-effect relationship between the presence of HMRGs and the divergence of MRSA clones remains to be clarified. In this study, we assessed the role that HMRGs may have played in the evolutionary divergence of the MRSA ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I lineage in Latin America. We conducted a genomic characterization of 113 MRSA clinical isolates from six Latin American healthcare centers, including 53 isolates collected from two cities in Chile (Santiago and Concepción). We found a plasmid (pSCL4752) harboring arsenic, cadmium, and mercury resistance genes in 65% ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 71) of the ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I isolates. We also observed a geographic divergence associated with the presence of pSCL4752 in Chilean isolates, with a higher frequency in isolates from Concepción (88%) compared to Santiago (29%). Interestingly, a molecular clock analysis revealed that this divergence occurred in the aftermath of an 8.8 Mw earthquake and tsunami that struck the Concepción area in 2010. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the carriage of pSCL4752 can be beneficial or detrimental for ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I isolates, depending on the environmental availability of these heavy metals. Our results suggest that the divergence of the ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I MRSA lineage in Latin America could have been fostered by environmental disasters and influenced by the presence/absence of HMRGs harbored in a plasmid. </jats:p> <jats:sec> <jats:title>IMPORTANCE</jats:title> <jats:p> Methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic> (MRSA) is a major cause of life-threatening infections worldwide and a growing public health concern. The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as MRSA, is often linked to genetic adaptations that enhance their survival. Our research sheds light on how environmental changes, such as those triggered by a natural disaster, can influence the evolution and geographic spread of a highly resistant MRSA lineage in Latin America. We identified a plasmid carrying genes for resistance to arsenic, cadmium, and mercury, which was associated with the geographic divergence of the ST5-SCC <jats:italic>mec</jats:italic> I MRSA lineage, with striking differences in its prevalence between regions affected by a major earthquake and tsunami. By linking environmental events to pathogen evolution, our study highlights the role of ecological pressures in the spread of MRSA. These findings emphasize the need to integrate environmental monitoring into public health strategies to better understand the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
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    Children’s reactions to the 2010 Chilean earthquake: The role of trauma exposure, family context, and school-based mental health programming.
    (2014)
    Dana Rose Garfin
    ;
    Roxane Cohen Silver
    ;
    Virginia Gil-Rivas
    ;
    GUZMÁN, JAVIER
    ;
    J. Michael Murphy
      1
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    Predicting posttraumatic stress disorder following a natural disaster
    (2018)
    Anthony J. Rosellini
    ;
    Francisca Dussaillant
    ;
    José R. Zubizarreta
    ;
    Ronald C. Kessler
    ;
    Sherri Rose
    Scopus© Citations 47  27
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      7Scopus© Citations 12
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    Earthquake response in Chile: A case study in health emergency and disaster risk management
    (2021)
    Alexander Hart, MD
    ;
    Álvaro Mardones Rodríguez, MD
    ;
    José Retamal Carvajal, MD
    ;
    Gregory R. Ciottone, MD
    <jats:p>Chile is one of the most seismically active nations in the world. Due to the frequency of earthquakes, the Chilean government has invested heavily in several earthquake mitigation strategies and is able to boast impressively low numbers of deaths after relatively strong earthquakes. These include earthquake-centered building codes, which help prevent collapses, early detection technologies, early warning systems, public awareness campaigns, and unified command of responding agencies. Disaster risk management is a field in need of more evidence-based recommendations, and taking cues from successful programs such as these is vital to decrease global deaths. There is still room for improvement. Individual frontline responders have sought out further training specific to earthquakes, and the frequency of earthquakes in the country has led to impressive institutional knowledge. However, there needs to be more universal, standardized response training. Additionally, although all responders are brought under one umbrella during a disaster, there is a lack of coordinated training, with most responder training occurring in silos. Further investment in preparedness, and a strong focus on mitigation and prevention of disasters is vital across a number of disasters. Fast onset disasters like earthquakes are especially amenable to mitigation strategies such as those in place in Chile.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 2  6
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    Predicting Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Prevalence and Local Distribution after an Earthquake with Scarce Data
    (2017)
    Francisca Dussaillant
    ;
    APABLAZA SALINAS, MAURICIO IVÁN  
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec id="S1049023X17000206_abs1" sec-type="general"><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>After a major earthquake, the assignment of scarce mental health emergency personnel to different geographic areas is crucial to the effective management of the crisis. The scarce information that is available in the aftermath of a disaster may be valuable in helping predict where are the populations that are in most need.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S1049023X17000206_abs2" sec-type="general"><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>The objectives of this study were to derive algorithms to predict posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom prevalence and local distribution after an earthquake and to test whether there are algorithms that require few input data and are still reasonably predictive.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S1049023X17000206_abs3" sec-type="methods"><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>A rich database of PTS symptoms, informed after Chile’s 2010 earthquake and tsunami, was used. Several model specifications for the mean and centiles of the distribution of PTS symptoms, together with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence, were estimated via linear and quantile regressions. The models varied in the set of covariates included.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S1049023X17000206_abs4" sec-type="results"><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Adjusted R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> for the most liberal specifications (in terms of numbers of covariates included) ranged from 0.62 to 0.74, depending on the outcome. When only including peak ground acceleration (PGA), poverty rate, and household damage in linear and quadratic form, predictive capacity was still good (adjusted R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> from 0.59 to 0.67 were obtained).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec id="S1049023X17000206_abs5" sec-type="conclusions"><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Information about local poverty, household damage, and PGA can be used as an aid to predict PTS symptom prevalence and local distribution after an earthquake. This can be of help to improve the assignment of mental health personnel to the affected localities.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:mixed-citation id="S1049023X17000206_ref1" publication-type="journal"><jats:name name-style="western"><jats:surname>Dussaillant</jats:surname><jats:given-names>F</jats:given-names></jats:name>, <jats:name name-style="western"><jats:surname>Apablaza</jats:surname><jats:given-names>M</jats:given-names></jats:name>. <jats:article-title>Predicting posttraumatic stress symptom prevalence and local distribution after an earthquake with scarce data</jats:article-title>. <jats:source>Prehosp Disaster Med</jats:source>. <jats:year>2017</jats:year>;<jats:volume>32</jats:volume>(<jats:issue>4</jats:issue>):<jats:fpage>357</jats:fpage>–<jats:lpage>367</jats:lpage>.</jats:mixed-citation></jats:p></jats:sec>
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