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I’d rather have the girls eat first: a mixed-methods study on the nutritional health of migrant children in Chile
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-02-13)
Teresita Rocha-Jimenez
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CARREÑO CALDERON, ALEJANDRA ANGELICA
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Janeth Solís de Ovando Calderón
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Nicole Silva-Moreno
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Marcela Oyarte
<jats:sec> <jats:title>Introduction</jats:title> <jats:p>Child malnutrition remains a persistent global challenge, disproportionately affecting migrant populations who experience barriers to health, food access, and social protection. In Chile, increasing migration from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has reshaped the country’s nutritional landscape, revealing structural inequalities in child health. This study examines the nutritional status and food security of migrant children and adolescents in Chile, investigating how structural and cultural factors influence their access to adequate food and nutrition.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>A convergent mixed-methods design integrated quantitative analyses of national datasets, the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN 2022) and the Ministry of Health’s Monthly Statistical Records (REM 2019–2021) with 42 qualitative interviews conducted in 2023 with migrant caregivers and primary healthcare professionals across the regions of Tarapacá, O’Higgins, and Metropolitan Santiago. Quantitative analyses were conducted to describe nutritional status, food insecurity (using the ELCSA scale), and participation in school feeding programs (as measured by the JUNAEB). Qualitative data were thematically analyzed to capture the lived experiences of food access, healthcare, and cultural adaptation.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>Quantitative findings revealed that migrant children exhibit lower rates of overweight and obesity, but a higher prevalence of undernutrition (2.9%) compared to Chilean peers (1.4%). Severe food insecurity affects 28.1% of migrant households, nearly double the rate among Chileans (15.9%). Qualitative findings highlight precarious living conditions, informal employment, and limited access to potable water and cooking facilities as barriers to adequate nutrition. Administrative restrictions linked to irregular migration status also hinder access to public food programs. Furthermore, cultural discrepancies between Chilean dietary guidelines and migrant food practices limits adherence and reinforces exclusion.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Discussion</jats:title> <jats:p>The study exposes a “double nutritional vulnerability” among migrant children, undernutrition arising from deprivation and potential overnutrition through dietary acculturation. These findings underscore the need for a dual-focus policy approach that ensures equitable access to nutrition and incorporates intercultural perspectives into child health programs. Expanding school feeding coverage regardless of migration status and culturally adapting nutritional interventions are essential steps toward reducing structural food insecurity and advancing child health equity in Chile.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
1
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Addressing health inequalities and barriers to access among adolescent migrants in Chile: a mixed methods study
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-09-26)
Alejandra Carreño-Calderón
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OBACH KING, ALEXANDRA ALICE
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CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ
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Marcela Oyarte
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Alicia Arias Schreiber
>The presence of adolescents in migration flows through Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) has increased in recent years. Adolescents are usually considered healthy due to their low mortality rates compared to the general population. However, existing research shows that adolescence is a phase of life in which mental health, sexual and reproductive health and other needs may increase. Migration, as a social determinant of health, can lead to experiencing compounded vulnerabilities among adolescent migrants, especially those already living in disadvantaged conditions.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Objective</jats:title> <jats:p>aims to estimate and compare social inequalities in health faced by adolescent migrants from LAC living in Chile versus locals, as well as to unveil perceptions and experiences related to additional barriers to accessing to healthcare in the country.</jats:p> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Method</jats:title> <jats:p>A mixed methods study was designed to socially and epidemiologically characterise the adolescent migrant population in Chile. First, two population-based surveys (CENSO 2017; CASEN 2022; REM 2021 and EH 2021) and national epidemiological records were analysed. Second, perceptions and experiences of accessing primary healthcare services were explored through 42 in-depth interviews with healthcare teams (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 18) and parents of adolescent migrants (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 24). Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed separately and then integrated to identify the main findings. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad del Desarrollo.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>The study identified social inequalities negatively affecting adolescent migrant compared with their Chilean peers, including lower access to education, housing and higher chances of having to work. Regarding health, sexual and reproductive needs and experiences are identified, including adolescent pregnancy. Barriers to access to primary healthcare programmes dedicated to adolescent health, which are little known and underused by the migrant population, were also identified.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>Adolescent migrants in Chile face important social inequalities in health compared to locals and additional barriers to exercise their right to health, putting their current and future health at risk. Priority actions are needed for this specific group, and must focus on increasing the acceptability and coverage of preventive care, as well as strengthening their participation in the social and health decisions affecting them.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
2
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Mental health and the healthy immigrant effect in Chile: a comparative cross-sectional study with international migrants and locals
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-08-14)
Blukacz, Alice
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Marcela Oyarte
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CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ
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Paula Madrid
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OBACH KING, ALEXANDRA ALICE
<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>The question of whether international migrants appear to be in better health than the locals, and whether this “healthy immigrant effect” declines over time is a highly relevant one, especially with regards to mental health. Based on a community-based survey conducted in Santiago, Chile, this study compares the mental health outcomes of international migrants versus local populations and examines differences within the international migrant group of respondents.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Observational cross-sectional study. Data was collected with international migrants and Chilean participants in 2021–2022 through a structured questionnaire. The study examined self-reported stress and mood disorders in relation to demographic, socioeconomic, health, and migration-related factors. Descriptive analyses were conducted for all variables overall and stratified by perceived stress, mood disorders, and migration status. Associations were assessed using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, with Cramer’s V used to evaluate effect size. Multiple imputation (m = 5) addressed missing data using the mice package in R, followed by generalised logistic regression models fitted across imputed datasets and combined using Rubin’s rules; stepwise selection based on AIC was used for variable reduction, and models were run for the full sample and separately for the migrant population.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The sample included 1,656 international migrants and 1,664 locals. Being a migrant was negatively associated with reporting stress and mood disorders in all analyses. Among migrants, the main risk factors for stress were perceiving a high number of migrants in the neighbourhood and having experienced abuse as a migrant and for mood disorders the main risk factor was reporting having experienced abuse as a migrant as well as a longer stay in Chile.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>We found a healthy immigrant effect for mental health among international migrants in Chile, which declined over time in the case of mood disorders. Chilean participants reported very high levels of mental health issues, consistent with existing studies. However, results for international migrants highlight both risk and protective factors linked to migration processes, which are unique to them, warranting a specific approach to their mental health needs.</jats:p></jats:sec>
1Scopus© Citations 3
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Education as a social determinant of the health of international migrants and locals in Chile between 2013 and 2022
(Elsevier BV, 2025)
Alice Blukacz
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Marcela Oyarte
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CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ
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Janepsy Díaz
1
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Adequate housing as a social determinant of the health of international migrants and locals in Chile between 2013 and 2022
(2024)
Alice Blukacz
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Marcela Oyarte
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CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Adequate housing is a fundamental right and a social determinant of health. It also represents a historically contentious topic in Latin America. Migratory flows to Chile have become increasingly precarious in the past few years, limiting opportunities for adequate housing, with potential repercussions on the health of international migrants and the general population. This study aims to analyse adequate housing as a social determinant of health among international migrants and locals between 2013 and 2022 in Chile.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>Observational cross-sectional study based on repeated versions of the nationally representative Socioeconomic Characterization Survey in Chile. Adequate housing indicators adapted from the United Nations Housing Rights Programme guidelines were analyzed with relation to individual health, distinguishing between the local and international migrant populations. Logistic regression models were fitted for housing indicators with migration as the main independent variable and for short-term and long-term healthcare needs in locals and immigrants with housing as the main dependent variables. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables and considered the complex sample design.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>Descriptive findings indicated higher availability of services and infrastructure among international migrants, and a disadvantage for habitability, location, and affordability by quintiles compared to locals. Logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic variables, revealed significant associations between migration status and overcrowding (OR 6.14, 2022), poor housing materiality (OR 5.65, 2022) and proximity to healthcare centres (OR 1.4, 2022) compared to locals. Experiencing hazardous situations consistently predicted short-term healthcare needs in both migrants (OR = 1.4, 2022) and locals (OR = 2.8, 2022). Overcrowding predicted both long and short-term healthcare needs among locals across the years and long term needs among migrants in 2013 and 2015.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>We found significant inequities in adequate housing between migrant populations and locals in Chile, and some inequities among both populations based on structural socioeconomic deprivation. Experiencing hazardous situations emerged as a social determinant of health among international migrants in 2022, potentially suggesting growing challenges related to social exclusion in urban areas. However, limitations such as exclusion criteria of the survey and sample sizes for data on the migrant population potentially suggest that housing challenges and their impact on health are underestimated.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
Scopus© Citations 2 2
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Breast cancer diagnosis and staging in Chile: A non-randomized survey-based study to assess frequency and delays
(2024)
CAMPAÑA, CARLA
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Marcela Oyarte
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CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ
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OBACH KING, ALEXANDRA ALICE
<jats:p>Introduction Breast cancer progression involves physiological mechanisms such as metastasis. Delays in diagnosis and treatment increase the risk of mortality and are associated with barriers to healthcare access. In Chile, breast cancer is highly prevalent, and early diagnosis has improved, although disparities in the disease evolution persist. This study characterized diagnostic and staging tests, waiting times, and sociodemographic profiles to identify delays and inequities in care. Methods Survey study. Using a non-probabilistic sample, a questionnaire was applied in an encrypted platform with prior informed consent. The instrument collected data on requested tests, associated times, staging, and sociodemographic characteristics. These variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics, tests of association, confidence intervals, and comparison tests using bootstrapping. Results A sample of 263 persons was obtained. The most requested tests were biopsy (99.62%) and blood tests (80.23%). The median number of tests requested was six (Q1:4, Q3:8), with a mean of 5.87 (standard deviation: 2.24). No significant differences were observed in the percentage of persons from whom the total number of examinations were requested according to the studied variables. The day-hour-result intervals ranged from 1 to 365 days. The median day-hour-result of the biopsy was 15 days (Q1:10, Q3:30). People between 40 and 49 years old, non-residents of the capital city, belonging to income quintile I, with high school education, from the public health system, with late-stage diagnosis had higher median day-hour-result in biopsy. There was no significant difference in the number of requested tests according to staging (I and II, or III and IV). Conclusions Biopsy in Chile is the test of choice for diagnostic confirmation in breast cancer. Other tests are requested regardless of the diagnosis stage, contrary to the recommendations of clinical guidelines. Cancer prognosis is crucial, especially in countries with greater inequalities.</jats:p>
1
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Understanding Therapeutic Trajectories of Adults With Lung Cancer in Chile: A Multi-Methods Study of Time to Diagnosis and Perceived Experience
(2023)
CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ
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CAMPAÑA, CARLA
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OBACH KING, ALEXANDRA ALICE
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VEZANNI, FRANCISCA
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Manuel Espinoza
4
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Acceso a salud de migrantes internacionales en pandemia en Chile: resultados de encuesta cuantitativa
(2023)
CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ
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Marcela Oyarte
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Maria Ines Alvarez
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Alice Blukacz
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OBACH KING, ALEXANDRA ALICE
<jats:p>El objetivo del estudio fue analizar barreras de acceso a la atención de salud en Chile reportadas por migrantes internacionales residentes en la región metropolitana del país y factores asociados. Para ello, se aplicó una encuesta en formato digital sobre vulnerabilidades y recursos de comunidades migrantes en Chile para enfrentar la pandemia SARS-CoV-2. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y estratificado por variables demográficas, socioeconómicas, tipo de previsión de salud y estatus migratorio. Como resultados, inmigrantes provenientes de Haití reportaron el mayor porcentaje de barreras de acceso a la atención en salud, esto tras ajustar por variables sociodemográficas y estatus migratorio.</jats:p>
2
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Unequal Access and Use of Health Care Services among Settled Immigrants, Recent Immigrants, and Locals: A Comparative Analysis of a Nationally Representative Survey in Chile
(2022)
Marcela Oyarte
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CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ
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Isabel Rada
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Alice Blukacz
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Manuel Espinoza
<jats:p>Globally, and particularly in the Latin American region, international migration continues to grow. Access and use of health care services by migrants vary according to their country of origin and residence time. We aimed to compare the access and use of health care services between international migrants (including settled migrants from Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador; Emerging migrants from Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Haiti; and migrants from other countries) and the Chilean population. After performing a secondary data analysis of population-based nationally representative surveys (CASEN 2011–2017), access and use patterns (insurance, complementary insurance, non-consultation, and non-treatment coverage) were described and compared among settled immigrants, recent emerging immigrants, others, and locals. Immigrants had a significantly higher uninsured population compared to locals. Specifically, in CASEN 2017, 19.27% of emerging (95% CI: 15.3–24.1%), 11.79% of settled (95% CI: 10.1–13.7%), and 2.25% of locals (95% CI: 2.1–2.4%) were uninsured. After 2013, settled and recent emerging migrants showed higher percentages of non-consultation. Collaborative and interculturally relevant strategies from human rights and equity perspectives are needed. Initiatives with a particular focus on recent immigrants can contribute to reducing the existing disparities in health care access and use with locals due to lack of insurance and treatment coverage.</jats:p>
9Scopus© Citations 10
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Percepción de discriminación en inmigrantes comparados a nacidos en Chile y su relación con acceso a servicios y resultados de salud
(2022)
Marcela Oyarte
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CABIESES VALDES, BALTICA BEATRIZ
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Manuel Espinoza
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María Teresa Valenzuela
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DELGADO BECERRA, OROZIMBA IRIS
<jats:p>OBJETIVOS: Comparar la autopercepción de discriminación entre inmigrantes y locales en Chile y analizar la relación entre inmigración y discriminación percibida e inmigración, discriminación y resultados de salud, ajustando por características sociodemográficas y capital social. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, utilizando encuesta poblacional (CASEN2017). Se seleccionaron 2.409 inmigrantes (representativos de N = 291.270) y 67.857 locales (representativos de N = 5.438.036) mayores de 18 años encuestados. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logística, considerando la muestra compleja, con discriminación, salud autoevaluada, tratamiento médico, pertenencia al sistema de salud, seguros complementarios de salud, consulta médica y problemas al consultar como variables dependientes, inmigración y discriminación como variables de exposición principal, y capital social y variables sociodemográficas como covariables de los modelos. RESULTADOS: Inmigrantes tuvieron mayor posibilidad de percibir discriminación en general comparado con locales (OR = 2,31; IC95%:1,9–2,9). Sin embargo, esto no ocurre para todos los motivos específicos de discriminación; color de piel y apariencia física fueron las causas de discriminación más frecuentes en inmigrantes. La interacción entre inmigración y discriminación se relacionó significativamente con peores resultados de salud autoevaluada y tratamiento por patologías, en desfavor de los inmigrantes discriminados. Tanto en locales como en inmigrantes la discriminación no se asoció con resultados de acceso a atención en salud, excepto problemas durante la consulta en locales (OR = 1,61; IC95% 1,4–1,8). CONCLUSIONES: En Chile, las experiencias de discriminación se entrelazan con otras formas de rechazo y exclusión social, por lo cual es urgente concientizar a la población para prevenir estas prácticas discriminatorias, sobre todo en la atención en salud y lugares de uso cotidiano. Abordar la discriminación es indispensable para lograr impactar en variables intermedias y resultados de salud. La extensión de los resultados a toda la población inmigrante podría ser de amplia utilidad para profundizar la problemática y mejorar las estimaciones realizadas.</jats:p>
Scopus© Citations 11 13

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