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Author: search.filters.author.Clemente Garcia-RizoSubject: search.filters.subject.human

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    Country-level gender inequality is associated with structural differences in the brains of women and men
    (2023)
    André Zugman
    ;
    Luz María Alliende
    ;
    Vicente Medel
    ;
    Richard A.I. Bethlehem
    ;
    Jakob Seidlitz
    <jats:p>Gender inequality across the world has been associated with a higher risk to mental health problems and lower academic achievement in women compared to men. We also know that the brain is shaped by nurturing and adverse socio-environmental experiences. Therefore, unequal exposure to harsher conditions for women compared to men in gender-unequal countries might be reflected in differences in their brain structure, and this could be the neural mechanism partly explaining women’s worse outcomes in gender-unequal countries. We examined this through a random-effects meta-analysis on cortical thickness and surface area differences between adult healthy men and women, including a meta-regression in which country-level gender inequality acted as an explanatory variable for the observed differences. A total of 139 samples from 29 different countries, totaling 7,876 MRI scans, were included. Thickness of the right hemisphere, and particularly the right caudal anterior cingulate, right medial orbitofrontal, and left lateral occipital cortex, presented no differences or even thicker regional cortices in women compared to men in gender-equal countries, reversing to thinner cortices in countries with greater gender inequality. These results point to the potentially hazardous effect of gender inequality on women’s brains and provide initial evidence for neuroscience-informed policies for gender equality.</jats:p>
    Scopus© Citations 38  5
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      1  1Scopus© Citations 11
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    Emotional intelligence: a comparison between patients after first episode mania and those suffering from chronic bipolar disorder type I
    (2022)
    Cristina Varo
    ;
    Silvia Amoretti
    ;
    Giulio Sparacino
    ;
    Esther Jiménez
    ;
    Brisa Solé
    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec id="S0033291721005122_sec_a1"> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Deficits in emotional intelligence (EI) were detected in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), but little is known about whether these deficits are already present in patients after presenting a first episode mania (FEM). We sought (i) to compare EI in patients after a FEM, chronic BD and healthy controls (HC); (ii) to examine the effect exerted on EI by socio-demographic, clinical and neurocognitive variables in FEM patients.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="S0033291721005122_sec_a2" sec-type="methods"> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>The Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EIQ) was calculated with the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). Performance on MSCEIT was compared among the three groups using generalized linear models. In patients after a FEM, the influence of socio-demographic, clinical and neurocognitive variables on the EIQ was examined using a linear regression model.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="S0033291721005122_sec_a3" sec-type="results"> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>In total, 184 subjects were included (FEM <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 48, euthymic chronic BD type I <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 75, HC <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 61). BD patients performed significantly worse than HC on the EIQ [mean difference (MD) = 10.09, standard error (<jats:sc>s.e.)</jats:sc> = 3.14, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.004] and on the understanding emotions branch (MD = 7.46, <jats:sc>s.e.</jats:sc> = 2.53, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.010). FEM patients did not differ from HC and BD on other measures of MSCEIT. In patients after a FEM, EIQ was positively associated with female sex (<jats:italic>β</jats:italic> = −0.293, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.034) and verbal memory performance (<jats:italic>β</jats:italic> = 0.374, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.008). FEM patients performed worse than HC but better than BD on few neurocognitive domains.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec id="S0033291721005122_sec_a4" sec-type="conclusions"> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>Patients after a FEM showed preserved EI, while patients in later stages of BD presented lower EIQ, suggesting that impairments in EI might result from the burden of disease and neurocognitive decline, associated with the chronicity of the illness.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
    Scopus© Citations 4  2