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Psychological Profile of Trail Runners Associated With Running-Related Injuries: A Prospective Study
(SAGE Publications, 2025-12-12)
Rubén Gajardo-Burgos
;
Raimundo Sánchez
;
BESOMI MOLINA, MANUELA
;
Carel Viljoen
;
Dina C. Janse van Rensburg
<jats:sec> <jats:title>Background:</jats:title> <jats:p>Trail running has increased in popularity due to the benefits of physical activity in nature. However, trail running has an inherent risk of running-related injuries (RRI). It is known that athletes with certain psychological traits have a greater tendency to suffer injuries; however, this is unknown in trail runners. The main objective of this study was to identify trail runners’ psychological profiles and to compare the proportion of RRI across these profiles.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Hypothesis:</jats:title> <jats:p>Trail runners with psychological profiles of high stress, precompetitive anxiety, mental fatigue, competitiveness, and poor sleep quality are at increased risk of RRI.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Study Design:</jats:title> <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Level of Evidence:</jats:title> <jats:p>Level 2.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods:</jats:title> <jats:p>A Gaussian mixture model cluster analysis was performed on 202 trail runners (55.5% male; aged 38.7 [33.4-46.2] years) with psychological stress, cognitive and somatic anxiety, self-confidence, mental fatigue, sleep quality, and competitiveness measured 4 weeks before participating in a race. The proportion of RRI during the race was recorded and compared across clusters.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results:</jats:title> <jats:p> Overall RRI proportion during competition was 11.3% (n = 24). The most common RRI were muscle (41.7%) and tendon/bursa (16.7%) injuries, affecting primarily the knee (33.3%) and lower leg (20.8%). Five psychological profiles were identified. Cluster 1 (competitive runners with moderate psychological stress and mental fatigue, low sleep quality and anxiety, and high self-confidence) had a higher RRI proportion than Cluster 3 (similar traits but lower psychological stress, mental fatigue, and higher self-confidence; 21.2% vs 3.2%; <jats:italic toggle="yes">P</jats:italic> = 0.02). </jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusion:</jats:title> <jats:p>Certain psychological profiles in trail runners were associated with higher RRI risk.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:</jats:title> <jats:p>The medical team or trail running coaches should monitor runners with psychological profiles with higher psychological stress, mental fatigue, and cognitive anxiety, as well as lower self-confidence and sleep quality, to design strategies to reduce their risk of RRI.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
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Frequency of Injury and Illness in the Final 4 Weeks before a Trail Running Competition
(2021)
Rubén Gajardo-Burgos
;
Manuel Monrroy-Uarac
;
René Mauricio Barría-Pailaquilén
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Yessenia Norambuena-Noches
;
Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg
<jats:p>We aimed to (i) determine self-reported injury and illness frequency in trail runners 4 weeks preceding competition; (ii) compare athletes with and without injury/illness by sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and competition distance; (iii) describe mechanism of injury, anatomical region (injury)/organ system (illness) involved, consequences of injury on preparation and self-perception of injury severity; (iv) compare anatomical region (injury) and organ system (illness) by sex. A total of 654 trail runners (age 36.2, IQR 30.6–43.0; 36.9% females) participated in this retrospective cross-sectional study by completing a self-reported questionnaire. Injury and illness frequency rates were 31.3% (n = 205, CI:27.7–35.0%) and 22.3% (n = 146, CI:19.1–25.7%), respectively. No significant difference was found between injured vs. non-injured or ill vs. non-ill study participants by sex, age, BMI and competition distance. Regarding injuries, gradual onset (41.6%) and knee (33.2%) were the most indicated mechanism and anatomical region of injury. At least 85.4% of trail runners changed their training following injury and 79% indicated that their injury would affect their competition performance. Regarding illness, the respiratory tract was the most frequent organ system involved (82.9%). Male and female participants reported similar proportions of anatomical regions (injury) and organ systems (illness) affected. These results could help to generate education strategies and appropriate medical support before and during these competitions.</jats:p>
4Scopus© Citations 13
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Trail running injury risk factors: a living systematic review
(2022)
Carel Viljoen
;
Dina C (Christa) Janse van Rensburg
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Willem van Mechelen
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Evert Verhagen
;
Bruno Silva
<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>To review and frequently update the available evidence on injury risk factors and epidemiology of injury in trail running.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design</jats:title><jats:p>Living systematic review. Updated searches will be done every 6 months for a minimum period of 5 years.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data sources</jats:title><jats:p>Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 March 2021.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Eligibility criteria</jats:title><jats:p>Studies that investigated injury risk factors and/or reported the epidemiology of injury in trail running.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen eligible studies were included, of which 10 studies investigated injury risk factors among 2 785 participants. Significant intrinsic factors associated with injury are: more running experience, level A runner and higher total propensity to sports accident questionnaire (PAD-22) score. Previous history of cramping and postrace biomarkers of muscle damage is associated with cramping. Younger age and low skin phototypes are associated with sunburn. Significant extrinsic factors associated with injury are neglecting warm-up, no specialised running plan, training on asphalt, double training sessions per day and physical labour occupations. A slower race finishing time is associated with cramping, while more than 3 hours of training per day, shade as the primary mode of sun protection and being single are associated with sunburn. An injury incidence range 0.7–61.2 injuries/1000 hours of running and prevalence range 1.3% to 90% were reported. The lower limb was the most reported region of injury, specifically involving blisters of the foot/toe.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Limited studies investigated injury risk factors in trail running. Our review found eight intrinsic and nine extrinsic injury risk factors. This review highlighted areas for future research that may aid in designing injury risk management strategies for safer trail running participation.</jats:p><jats:p>PROSPERO registration number</jats:p><jats:p>CRD42021240832.</jats:p></jats:sec>
5Scopus© Citations 23

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